Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

345
Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
345
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

4.2K
X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
4.2K
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

24.6K
The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
24.6K
Types of Cement II01:22

Types of Cement II

203
Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate...
203
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

279
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
279

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Functionalized Biomimetic Scaffolds for Human-Derived Auditory Neural Circuit Construction.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Unraveling the Design Principles of Crystallographic Orientation for Ultralong, 8500 Cycled Fe-Ion Battery.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026
Same author

cGAMP suppresses FTO expression to promote m<sup>6</sup>A modification and potentiate antitumor immunity.

Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS·2026
Same author

Bilayer nerve guidance conduits for continuous delivery of NGF@ZIF-8 nanoparticles for peripheral nerve injury repair.

Journal of nanobiotechnology·2026
Same author

Machine learning can predict setting behavior and strength evolution of hydrating cement systems.

Journal of the American Ceramic Society. American Ceramic Society·2026
Same author

Case Report: A newly identified cause of ST-segment elevation in lead aVR.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Expression of Cementitious Pore Solution and the Analysis of Its Chemical Composition and Resistivity Using X-ray Fluorescence
06:27

Expression of Cementitious Pore Solution and the Analysis of Its Chemical Composition and Resistivity Using X-ray Fluorescence

Published on: September 23, 2018

9.5K

Phase Analysis of Portland Cement by Combined Quantitative X-Ray Powder Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy.

Paul E Stutzman1, Pan Feng2,1, Jeffrey W Bullard1

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
|August 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Combining X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis (SEM/XMA) enhances the analysis of portland cement

Keywords:
X-ray diffractionmaterials characterizationmicrostructureportland cementscanning electron microscopy

More Related Videos

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects
09:16

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

Published on: June 8, 2016

16.4K
Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis
07:24

Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis

Published on: May 10, 2021

6.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Expression of Cementitious Pore Solution and the Analysis of Its Chemical Composition and Resistivity Using X-ray Fluorescence
06:27

Expression of Cementitious Pore Solution and the Analysis of Its Chemical Composition and Resistivity Using X-ray Fluorescence

Published on: September 23, 2018

9.5K
X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects
09:16

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

Published on: June 8, 2016

16.4K
Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis
07:24

Quantitative Atomic-Site Analysis of Functional Dopants/Point Defects in Crystalline Materials by Electron-Channeling-Enhanced Microanalysis

Published on: May 10, 2021

6.5K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Mineralogy

Background:

  • X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a long-standing method for identifying and quantifying crystalline phases in portland cement.
  • Scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis (SEM/XMA) offers microstructural characterization, including the location and morphology of specific minerals.
  • Each technique provides complementary information not obtainable from the other alone.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the combined application of XRD and SEM/XMA for validating portland cement phase composition and microstructure.
  • To provide detailed procedures and best practices for XRD specimen preparation, data collection, and interpretation.
  • To demonstrate methods for resolving discrepancies and quantifying uncertainty when using both techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) for quantitative phase analysis of crystalline components.
  • Employing scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis (SEM/XMA) for microstructural and elemental mapping.
  • Integrating data from both techniques to establish a comprehensive understanding of cement composition.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the synergistic use of XRD and SEM/XMA on three portland cement powders.
  • Identified apparent discrepancies between the results obtained from the two independent methods.
  • Outlined procedures for resolving these discrepancies and quantifying the associated uncertainties.

Conclusions:

  • The combined approach of XRD and SEM/XMA provides a more robust and complete characterization of portland cement than either method individually.
  • Standardized procedures are crucial for accurate data acquisition and interpretation.
  • Resolving inter-method discrepancies leads to improved accuracy and uncertainty quantification in cement analysis.