Sewall Wright's criticism of the gene's-eye view of evolution

The gene's-eye view of evolution has played a central but contentious role in evolutionary biology for the past half-century. By envisioning evolutionary history as a struggle between competing selfish genes, it accelerated the shift from organism-centric to gene-centric explanations that began with the emergence population genetics a century ago. At the forefront of this shift were George C. Williams and Richard Dawkins, who advocated an approach to thinking about evolution first introduced by R. A. Fisher. In this Perspective, I discuss the criticism of the gene's-eye view developed by another architect of population genetics, Sewall Wright, whose "On genic and organismic selection" was published in Evolution in 1980. I start by outlining the history of the gene's-eye view and then show how some long-standing differences in opinion over its value can be traced back to disagreements between Fisher and Wright, especially over Fisher's concept of genetic variance and the importance of epistasis. I end with some reflections on the role of genes and organisms in evolutionary explanations.