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Related Concept Videos

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

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The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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The Pituitary Gland01:17

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging01:19

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DefinitionRenal angiography, also known as renal arteriography, is an imaging technique used to obtain a comprehensive view of blood flow and the vascular structure of blood vessels in the kidneys and surrounding areas.PurposeRenal angiography detects blood vessel abnormalities in the kidneys, such as aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis, vascular tumors, and renal artery stenosis. It evaluates kidney function and guides interventional treatments like angioplasty or stent placement.Pre-Procedure...
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Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

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The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
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Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies01:28

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Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
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Author Spotlight: Hypothalamic Neural Mechanism Insights
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Imaging the Hypothalamo-Neurohypophysial System.

Soledad Bárez-López1, Liam Scanlon1, David Murphy1

  • 1Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Neuroendocrinology
|August 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mapping the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) is vital for understanding fluid balance and reproduction. Recent imaging technologies have significantly advanced our knowledge of this crucial neurosecretory apparatus.

Keywords:
ImagingMagnocellular neuronesOxytocinVasopressin

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) comprises neurosecretory cells producing arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT).
  • These peptides function as hormones in the posterior pituitary and neurotransmitters in other brain regions.
  • Understanding the HNS connectome is essential for elucidating its roles in fluid homeostasis and reproduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in imaging technologies for HNS research.
  • To illustrate how these technologies enhance understanding of HNS structure and function.
  • To discuss the future contributions of these methods to HNS connectomics.

Main Methods:

  • Reporter proteins and viral tracers for neuronal tracing.
  • Brain-clearing techniques and genetically encoded indicators for visualization.
  • Mass spectrometry imaging and spatially resolved transcriptomics for molecular mapping.

Main Results:

  • New imaging approaches provide detailed insights into HNS architecture.
  • These methods reveal novel aspects of AVP and OXT neuronal pathways.
  • Enhanced understanding of HNS connectivity and cellular interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced imaging technologies are revolutionizing HNS research.
  • These tools are critical for comprehensive mapping of the HNS connectome.
  • Future applications promise deeper insights into neuroendocrine regulation and behavior.