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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Quasistatic Mechanical Testing for Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Occlusal Veneers Cemented to Milled Dentin Analog Material
07:42

Quasistatic Mechanical Testing for Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Occlusal Veneers Cemented to Milled Dentin Analog Material

Published on: December 20, 2024

526

Comparative Evaluation of Two Glass Polyalkenoate Cements: An In Vivo Pilot Study Using a Sheep Model.

Leyla Hasandoost1,2, Daniella Marx1,2, Paul Zalzal3,4

  • 1Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Biomedical Engineering Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.

Journal of Functional Biomaterials
|August 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Glass polyalkenoate cements (GPCs) show promise for revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) bone defects, with one sheep study showing no bone resorption and a continuous bone-cement interface. Further research is needed to optimize GPC formulations for bone regeneration.

Keywords:
bone cementglass polyalkenoate cementin vivorevision total knee arthroplastysheep

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Materials Engineering

Background:

  • Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a common bone cement for revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA) but causes complications like shrinkage and loosening.
  • Glass polyalkenoate cements (GPCs) offer potential advantages over PMMA, including no volumetric shrinkage, chemical bone adhesion, and a non-exothermic setting reaction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate two novel Glass polyalkenoate cement (GPC) compositions (GPCA and GPCB) for bone defect management in revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA).
  • To evaluate the biocompatibility and bone response of GPCs in a sheep model, comparing them to Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).

Main Methods:

  • Two Glass polyalkenoate cement (GPC) compositions (GPCA, GPCB) were characterized for working/setting times, pH, ion release, compressive strength, and cytotoxicity.
  • GPCA samples were implanted into sheep femurs and tibias, with Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) used as a control.
  • Radiological assessment using CT and micro-CT scans was performed at 0, 6, and 12 weeks to evaluate bone response and bone-cement interface integrity.

Main Results:

  • One Glass polyalkenoate cement (GPC) sample demonstrated no bone resorption and a continuous bone-cement interface after 12 weeks in sheep.
  • Other implanted GPC samples exhibited varying degrees of bone resorption, indicated by radiolucent borders at 6 and 12 weeks.
  • Potential factors for varied responses included excessive Zn2+ ion release, low pH, mixing inconsistencies, and insertion difficulties.

Conclusions:

  • Glass polyalkenoate cements (GPCs) show potential as an alternative to Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) for bone defects in revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA).
  • Further optimization of Glass polyalkenoate cement (GPC) composition and handling is necessary to ensure consistent, favorable bone integration and minimize resorption.
  • Investigating the impact of ion release and pH on bone response is crucial for developing advanced bone cements.