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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Polymers02:34

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties
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Electroactive Polymers Obtained by Conventional and Non-Conventional Technologies.

Akel F Kanaan1, Ana C Pinho1, Ana P Piedade1

  • 1CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal.

Polymers
|August 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electroactive polymers (EAPs) are smart materials that change shape with electrical input. This review covers conventional and additive manufacturing methods for EAPs, highlighting their electromechanical properties and future trends.

Keywords:
4D printingadditive manufacturingconventional fabricationelectro-responsive polymerselectroactive materialpolymer processing and performance

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Smart Materials

Background:

  • Electroactive polymers (EAPs) exhibit shape changes upon electrical stimulation.
  • EAPs are crucial for applications in robotics, artificial muscles, and sensors.
  • Conventional fabrication methods like solvent casting are commonly used.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in EAP development over the last five years.
  • To compare conventional and non-conventional (additive manufacturing) processing techniques for EAPs.
  • To analyze the electromechanical response mechanisms and material choices in EAP design.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published works on EAP development (last five years).
  • Analysis of conventional polymer processing techniques (e.g., solvent casting, free-radical polymerization).
  • Exploration of non-conventional additive manufacturing (AM) approaches for EAP fabrication.

Main Results:

  • Additive manufacturing offers novel routes to enhance EAP electromechanical properties.
  • Conventional methods provide a baseline for EAP material preparation.
  • Understanding processing-property relationships is key for advanced EAP applications.

Conclusions:

  • Non-conventional AM techniques show significant promise for tailoring EAP performance.
  • Further research into AM for EAPs will expand their use in smart devices.
  • Future trends point towards integrated design and fabrication of sophisticated EAP-based systems.