Hyperglycemia exacerbates cadmium-induced glomerular nephrosis

Current research suggests that cadmium (Cd) exposure may be associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy; however, the details of this relationship are insufficiently understood. The present study investigated the effects of elevated glucose on Cd-induced toxicity to glomerular cells using in vitro and in vivo models, and it demonstrated that Cd exposure and the hyperglycemia of diabetes acting together increased the risk of developing glomerular nephrosis. In vitro, human podocytes were exposed to a DMEM low-glucose media without (control), or with Cd (as CdCl₂), or a high-glucose media plus Cd. The CCK-8, ROS, apoptosis, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) assays showed that human podocytes exposed to Cd in a high-glucose media had greater degrees of injury compared with cells treated with Cd at low (euglycemic)-glucose levels. In vivo, diabetic hyperglycemia was induced by streptozotocin in 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice to which either CdCl₂ or saline (control) was intraperitoneally injected twice weekly for 24 weeks. Compared with euglycemic saline-treated controls, the diabetic mice exposed to Cd demonstrated decreased body weight and increased blood urea nitrogen levels along with histopathological renal architecture changes including collagen fiber accumulation. The results of this study supported the hypothesis that hyperglycemia plus Cd exposure increases the risk of damage to glomerular podocytes compared with Cd exposure in euglycemia.