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Why do insects evolve immune priming? A search for crossroads.

Arun Prakash1, Imroze Khan2

  • 1Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, United Kingdom.

Developmental and Comparative Immunology
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Summary

Insects may possess immune memory (priming), offering protection against reinfection across generations. This contrasts with increased basal immunity, highlighting a complex evolutionary strategy requiring further research into its mechanisms.

Keywords:
CoinfectionsCost of immunityImmune primingResistanceSpecificityTolerance

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Entomology

Background:

  • Insects were traditionally thought to lack immune memory due to the absence of vertebrate-like memory cells.
  • Increased basal immunity was considered the primary evolutionary defense against pathogens in insects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging evidence for insect immune memory (immune priming).
  • To compare immune priming with basal immunity as insect defense strategies.
  • To highlight evolutionary, ecological, and mechanistic aspects of insect immunity for future research.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of existing research on insect immune responses.
  • Review of studies on basal immunity and immune priming in insects.
  • Exploration of evolutionary trade-offs and selective conditions influencing immune strategies.

Main Results:

  • Growing evidence suggests insects exhibit immune priming, conferring protection against subsequent infections.
  • Immune priming can operate within and across insect generations.
  • Immune priming evolves as a distinct strategy from basal immunity, with different trade-offs.

Conclusions:

  • Insect immune priming is a significant, yet mechanistically unclear, defense strategy.
  • Understanding immune priming is crucial for comprehending insect evolutionary immunology.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms and ecological relevance of immune priming versus basal immunity.