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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis
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Immunotherapy for HPV Malignancies.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers can be targeted by immunotherapies. Treatments like immune checkpoint blockade are approved, while vaccines and cellular therapies are in development for HPV cancers.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes specific tumor antigens, making HPV-associated cancers suitable for immunotherapy.
  • Current treatments include FDA-approved immune checkpoint blockade to activate T cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the utility of immunotherapies for HPV-associated cancers.
  • To discuss emerging therapies like therapeutic vaccines and T cell receptor-engineered cellular therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current clinical research and FDA-approved treatments for HPV-associated cancers.
  • Analysis of immunotherapies targeting viral tumor antigens.

Main Results:

  • Immune checkpoint blockade is approved for certain HPV-associated cancers.
  • Therapeutic vaccines and T cell receptor-engineered cellular therapy show promise in clinical development.

Conclusions:

  • Specific immunotherapies may enhance immune activation against viral tumor antigens.
  • Further clinical studies are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of novel immunotherapies for HPV-associated cancers.