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Related Concept Videos

Leveling Equipment01:18

Leveling Equipment

187
As leveling involves measuring vertical distances relative to a horizontal line of sight, it requires a graduated rod, called a level rod, for vertical measurements and an instrument called a level for a horizontal sight line. A level includes a high-powered telescope with a mechanism for leveling to ensure the line of sight is horizontal when the bubble in the spirit level is centered. Leveling rods, made of wood, metal, or fiberglass, are graduated in feet or meters and commonly used in two-...
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Pipe Flowrate Measurement01:28

Pipe Flowrate Measurement

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In pipe flow measurement, orifice, nozzle, and Venturi meters are commonly used to determine fluid flowrates by constricting the flow area, which increases fluid velocity and reduces pressure. This pressure difference, governed by Bernoulli's principle and adjusted for real-world conditions, is essential for calculating flowrate. Each meter type is suited to specific applications based on accuracy, efficiency, and compatibility with various flow conditions.
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Measurement of Fluid Pressure01:16

Measurement of Fluid Pressure

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Fluid pressure is commonly measured using devices called manometers, which rely on liquid columns to indicate pressure differences. The height of a liquid column in a manometer reflects the pressure exerted by the fluid, providing a simple yet effective means of measurement. Different types of manometers serve specific purposes based on their configurations and the type of fluids involved.
A basic form of manometer is the piezometer, a vertical tube open at the top and filled with the same...
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Measurement of Air Content in Concrete01:23

Measurement of Air Content in Concrete

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Air content measurement in concrete is critical for ensuring structural integrity and durability of concrete structures, especially in environments prone to severe weather conditions. Accurate air content analysis optimizes concrete's resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and enhances its workability and strength. Several methods are standardized under ASTM guidelines to measure the air content in fresh concrete, each suitable for different concrete types and conditions.
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Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment01:19

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

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Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility
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Automatic water-level measurement system for confined-space applications.

Lung-Chih Kuo1, Cheng-Chi Tai1

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|September 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an automatic water-level measurement system using a single camera and digital image processing. The system corrects perspective distortion for accurate river water level monitoring, enhancing flood prevention efforts.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental monitoring
  • Computer vision
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Flooding poses significant risks to life and property.
  • Surveillance cameras are crucial for monitoring river water levels.
  • Existing methods may suffer from inaccuracies due to camera angles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an automatic water-level measurement system using a single camera.
  • To address and correct measurement errors caused by perspective distortion.
  • To enhance the accuracy of river water level monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing basic digital image processing to identify water marks on staff gauges.
  • Employing image histograms for water level determination.
  • Implementing inverse perspective mapping to rectify perspective distortion.

Main Results:

  • The system accurately identifies preliminary water mark positions.
  • Image histograms provide a reliable reference for water level calculation.
  • Inverse perspective mapping effectively reduces measurement errors from perspective distortion.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed system accurately measures river water levels in confined spaces.
  • It significantly reduces image measurement errors caused by perspective distortion.
  • This technology offers a reliable solution for automated flood prevention monitoring.