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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Light Spot-Based Assay for Analysis of Drosophila Larval Phototaxis
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Controllable Positive/Negative Phototaxis of Millimeter-Sized Objects with Sensing Function.

Makoto Uda1, Junya Fujiwara1, Musashi Seike1

  • 1Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|September 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed small, light-steered objects capable of both positive and negative phototaxis on water. These objects precisely control movement in any direction using near-infrared light, demonstrating potential for cargo delivery and environmental sensing.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Microfluidics

Background:

  • Phototaxis, the directed movement towards or away from light, is a natural phenomenon inspiring artificial light-steered active objects.
  • Existing artificial phototactic objects typically exhibit only positive or negative phototaxis, with limited examples demonstrating both behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop small objects exhibiting both positive and negative phototaxis on a water surface.
  • To achieve precise 360° directional control of object movement using near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation.
  • To explore the potential for cargo delivery and environmental sensing applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized millimeter-sized tetrahedral liquid marbles with asymmetric polymer plate coatings (photothermal and transparent).
  • Irradiated objects with NIR light at specific positions to induce photothermal effects and subsequent Marangoni flow.
  • Employed thermographic studies and numerical analysis to investigate motion dynamics and forces.

Main Results:

  • Objects demonstrated controllable positive and negative phototaxis on water, with movement direction dictated by light irradiation position.
  • Marangoni flow, induced by position-selective NIR light irradiation, was confirmed as the mechanism driving motion.
  • Achieved centimeter-scale movement with average velocity of 12 mm/s and acceleration of 71 mm/s², independent of direction.
  • Estimated generated force of approximately 0.4 μN.

Conclusions:

  • Successfully demonstrated artificial objects with tunable phototaxis for controlled locomotion.
  • The Marangoni flow mechanism provides a robust method for light-driven propulsion.
  • The developed objects show promise for applications in targeted cargo transport and in-situ environmental sensing.