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Combustion products generated in simulated industrial fires.

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Firefighter exposure to industrial fires shows significant levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Protective gear offers less protection against gases like benzene and hydrogen cyanide, highlighting the need for decontamination.

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health and Safety
  • Environmental Science
  • Fire Science

Background:

  • Firefighter exposure studies primarily focus on residential fires, neglecting industrial fire scenarios.
  • Industrial fires produce unique and potentially higher concentrations of combustion products.
  • Understanding these exposures is critical for firefighter health and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure atmospheric concentrations of VOCs, acid gases, and PAHs in simulated industrial fires.
  • To assess the deposition and ingress of these contaminants into firefighter protective ensembles.
  • To compare exposure levels and protective gear efficacy between industrial and residential fire scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated industrial fires were used to generate combustion products.
  • Personal air samples were collected inside and outside firefighter ensembles.
  • PAH deposition on ensembles was quantified using surface wipes.
  • Concentrations of VOCs, acid gases, and PAHs were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • High concentrations of benzene (up to 23 mg/m³) and total PAHs (1.7–8.6 mg/m³) were found in air samples.
  • Acid gases like hydrogen chloride and hydrogen cyanide were also detected.
  • Protective ensembles showed lower efficacy against gaseous contaminants (benzene, HCN) compared to PAHs.
  • PAH deposition on ensembles ranged from 161 to 347 ng/cm², potentially higher than in residential fires.

Conclusions:

  • Industrial fires present significant exposure risks to firefighters, with substantial PAH deposition.
  • Firefighter protective ensembles provide variable protection, with gaseous contaminants posing a greater risk.
  • Evidence supports enhanced decontamination of firefighter gear and equipment after industrial fires.
  • Further research is needed on dermal PAH deposition and specific exposure-contributing fire stages.