Lanthanum hydroxide engineered sewage sludge biochar for efficient phosphate elimination: Mechanism interpretation...

In the present study, lanthanum hydroxide (La OH)-engineered sewage sludge biochar (La-SSBC) was utilized for efficient phosphate elimination from an aqueous medium. A high adsorption capacity of 312.55 mg P/g was achieved using La-SSBC at 20 °C, which was an excellent adsorbent performance in comparison to other biochar-based adsorbents. Additionally, the performance of La-SSBC was stable even at wider range of pH level, the existence of abundant active anions, and recycling experiments. Statistical physics modeling with the fitting method based on the Levenberg-Marquardt iterating algorithm, as well as various chemical characterizations, suggested the unique double-layered mechanism of phosphate capturing: one functional group of La-SSBC adsorbent describing a prone direction of the PO₄ ions on the stabilize surface in a multi-ionic process, forming the first layer adsorption. Additionally, SSBC played an important role by releasing positively charged cations in solution, overcoming the electronic repulsion to form a second layer, and achieving excellent adsorption capacity. The calculation of multiple physicochemical parameters including adsorption energy further evidenced the process. This two-layered mechanism sheds light on the complex interaction between phosphate and biochar. Moreover, the management of sewage sludge associated with the requirement of cost-effectively and environmentally acceptable mode. Therefore, the present investigation demonstrated an efficient approach of the simultaneous sewage sludge utilization and phosphate removal.