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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
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Ureters01:22

Ureters

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

187
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
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Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

79
A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
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[UPPER TRACT UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA].

Asaf Shvero1,2, Menachem Laufer1,2, Dorit E Zilberman1,2

  • 1Department of Urology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.

Harefuah
|September 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is an increasing malignancy, primarily linked to smoking. Treatment strategies now distinguish between low-risk UTUC, favoring nephron-sparing approaches, and high-risk UTUC, often requiring radical resection.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare but increasingly prevalent malignancy.
  • Smoking is the primary risk factor, with hematuria or flank pain as common symptoms.
  • Diagnosis involves advanced imaging (CTU/MRU) and ureteroscopy with biopsy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of UTUC.
  • To highlight advancements in nephron-sparing treatments.
  • To differentiate management strategies based on risk stratification.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on UTUC.
  • Analysis of diagnostic workup including imaging and endoscopy.
  • Evaluation of treatment modalities based on risk groups.

Main Results:

  • Risk stratification is based on tumor size, distribution, and pathology.
  • Low-risk UTUC management includes segmental ureterectomy, endoscopic treatments, and local chemotherapy.
  • High-risk UTUC management involves radical nephroureterectomy, potentially with neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Modern management of UTUC emphasizes risk stratification for tailored treatment.
  • Nephron-sparing techniques are advancing for low-risk UTUC.
  • Radical resection remains standard for high-risk UTUC, with evolving systemic therapies.