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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

fMRI Mapping of Brain Activity Associated with the Vocal Production of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals
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Coordination and Consonance Between Interacting, Improvising Musicians.

Matthew Setzler1, Robert Goldstone1

  • 1Program in Cognitive Science, Indiana University.

Open Mind : Discoveries in Cognitive Science
|September 6, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Professional jazz pianists coordinating in real-time achieved better temporal alignment and more consonant harmonies. This mutually adaptive joint action (JA) was preferred by listeners, highlighting its importance in creative expression.

Keywords:
distributed cognitionimprovisationjoint actionmusictime series modeling

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Music Cognition
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Joint action (JA) is crucial for collective goals, but understanding its complex, real-world applications beyond idealized lab settings remains limited.
  • Improvising jazz musicians provide a unique model for studying sophisticated, open-ended JA geared towards aesthetic outcomes like coherent musical structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of coordination in improvising jazz musicians.
  • To compare mutual adaptation (coupled) versus non-adaptation (overdubbed) conditions in joint musical improvisation.
  • To quantify the impact of interaction conditions on rhythmic and harmonic coordination and listener preference.

Main Methods:

  • Dyads of professional jazz pianists improvised under two conditions: coupled (mutual adaptation) and overdubbed (no mutual adaptation).
  • A musical tonality model was used to quantify the flow of rhythmic and harmonic information between musicians.
  • Independent improvisers and naive listeners rated the quality of the improvised music, unaware of the experimental condition.

Main Results:

  • Mutually adapting dyads demonstrated significantly greater temporal alignment and produced more consonant harmonies compared to overdubbed dyads.
  • Musical signatures of coordination, specifically temporal alignment and harmonic consonance, were quantitatively measured.
  • Both expert improvisers and naive listeners preferred the music from the coupled condition, rating it higher in quality.

Conclusions:

  • Mutual adaptation is a key factor in achieving high-quality coordination in complex joint action, such as musical improvisation.
  • The findings have implications for developing music technology that supports adaptive joint action.
  • This study advances the understanding of joint action mechanisms in naturalistic, creative domains.