Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

1.0K
There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
1.0K
Band Theory02:35

Band Theory

16.1K
When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
Conductor, Semiconductor,...
16.1K
Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:24

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

584
The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The...
584
Types of Semiconductors01:20

Types of Semiconductors

1.0K
Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...
1.0K
Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

1.5K
The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...
1.5K
Carrier Transport01:21

Carrier Transport

651
The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
Drift Current:
The drift of charge carriers is started by an external electric field (E). Charged particles, such as electrons and holes, experience an acceleration between collisions with lattice atoms. For electrons, this results in a drift velocity (vd) given by:
651

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Crown Ether-Based Ion-Selective Organic Semiconductors by Molecular Design.

Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry·2026
Same author

Structure and dynamics of confined water in naphthalene-diimide based molecular crystals.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026
Same author

Gold-activated persulfate p-doping of organic semiconductors.

Nature materials·2026
Same author

Charge state-dependent ion condensation near conjugated polymer backbones.

Materials horizons·2025
Same author

Why P3HT Outperforms More Polar Analogues in OECTs.

Chemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society·2025
Same author

Azaisoindigo and Triphenylamine-Based Donor-Acceptor-Donor (D-A-D) Type Conjugated Small Molecule: Design, Photophysical Properties, and Organic Field-Effect Transistors.

Organic letters·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating
10:36

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

Published on: April 12, 2018

11.7K

Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conduction in Small-Molecule Semiconductors.

Christina J Kousseff1, Roman Halaksa1, Zachary S Parr1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.

Chemical Reviews
|September 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Small-molecule organic semiconductors are being developed for bioelectronics. Researchers are focusing on mixed ionic-electronic conductors for efficient biological interfaces and signal transduction.

More Related Videos

Ohmic Contact Fabrication Using a Focused-ion Beam Technique and Electrical Characterization for Layer Semiconductor Nanostructures
08:12

Ohmic Contact Fabrication Using a Focused-ion Beam Technique and Electrical Characterization for Layer Semiconductor Nanostructures

Published on: December 5, 2015

12.5K
Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

9.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating
10:36

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

Published on: April 12, 2018

11.7K
Ohmic Contact Fabrication Using a Focused-ion Beam Technique and Electrical Characterization for Layer Semiconductor Nanostructures
08:12

Ohmic Contact Fabrication Using a Focused-ion Beam Technique and Electrical Characterization for Layer Semiconductor Nanostructures

Published on: December 5, 2015

12.5K
Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

9.9K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics
  • Bioelectronics

Background:

  • Small-molecule organic semiconductors exhibit excellent electronic properties for organic electronics.
  • These materials are increasingly important for the emerging field of organic bioelectronics.
  • Efficient interfacing with biological systems requires materials with mixed ionic and electronic conduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature on designing small-molecule mixed ionic and electronic conductors.
  • To assess p- and n-type small-molecule semiconductors for bioelectronic applications.
  • To discuss structural modifications for enhanced mixed conduction and ionic interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of small-molecule organic semiconductors.
  • Assessment of p- and n-type semiconductor classes.
  • Analysis of structural modifications for mixed conduction.

Main Results:

  • Small-molecule semiconductors are promising for organic bioelectronics.
  • Mixed ionic-electronic conductors are key for biological interfaces.
  • Organic electrochemical transistors are ideal for evaluating these materials.

Conclusions:

  • Small-molecule semiconductors with mixed ionic and electronic properties are crucial for advancing organic bioelectronics.
  • Further research into structural design will optimize these materials for biological applications.
  • These materials hold significant potential for bioelectronic devices and signal transduction.