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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
04:05

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Association of Thyroid Dysfunction With Cognitive Function: An Individual Participant Data Analysis.

Nicolien A van Vliet1, Diana van Heemst1, Osvaldo P Almeida2,3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.

JAMA Internal Medicine
|September 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, is not linked to cognitive decline or dementia in older adults. These findings challenge current guidelines recommending screening for thyroid issues in individuals experiencing cognitive impairment.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurology
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Clinical guidelines suggest thyroid dysfunction may cause cognitive decline.
  • However, scientific evidence on this association remains inconsistent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and cognitive function.
  • To assess associations with cognitive decline and dementia risk.

Main Methods:

  • Individual participant data analysis of 21 cohorts with over 74,000 participants.
  • Longitudinal follow-up for cognitive function and dementia.
  • Thyroid function classified into overt/subclinical hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism and euthyroidism.

Main Results:

  • Subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism showed no association with cognitive function, decline, or dementia.
  • Overt thyroid dysfunction's role in dementia risk requires further rigorous investigation.
  • No significant associations were found between thyroid dysfunction and executive function or memory.

Conclusions:

  • Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is not associated with cognitive decline or dementia.
  • Current guidelines recommending screening for subclinical thyroid dysfunction in older adults with cognitive decline are not supported by these findings.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the role of overt thyroid dysfunction in dementia risk.