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Related Concept Videos

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
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Inducible Operons: lac Operon01:25

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The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA...
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Updated: Oct 21, 2025

High-Throughput Transcriptome Analysis for Investigating Host-Pathogen Interactions
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High-Throughput Transcriptome Analysis for Investigating Host-Pathogen Interactions

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Lactate cross-talk in host-pathogen interactions.

Alba Llibre1,2, Frances S Grudzinska1, Matthew K O'Shea3,4

  • 1Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K.

The Biochemical Journal
|September 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lactate, a key molecule in anaerobic glycolysis, plays a vital role in host-microbe interactions. Its manipulation offers a potential therapeutic strategy for infections and inflammatory diseases.

Keywords:
host–pathogen interactionsimmunometabolisminfectionlactate

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Immunology
  • Metabolic Signaling

Background:

  • Lactate is a primary product of anaerobic glycolysis and the Warburg effect.
  • Its role as an active signaling molecule in host-microbe interactions is increasingly recognized.
  • Lactate homeostasis is crucial for maintaining the balance between hosts, pathogens, and commensal organisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review lactate secretion and sensing mechanisms in both humans and microbes.
  • To discuss lactate's role in pathogen growth, persistence, and immune response modulation.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of manipulating lactate in infection and inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on lactate in host-pathogen interactions.
  • Analysis of the presence and function of lactate transporters in human cells and pathogens.
  • Discussion of preliminary research in cancer, autoimmunity, and inflammation contexts.

Main Results:

  • Lactate transporters are present in most human cells, including immune cells, and various pathogens.
  • Lactate influences pathogen growth, persistence, and the host's immune response.
  • Altered lactate balance during infection highlights its significance in host-pathogen dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Lactate is a critical metabolite in regulating host-pathogen interactions.
  • The ability of both hosts and pathogens to sense and respond to lactate suggests its therapeutic potential.
  • Targeting lactate metabolism may offer novel strategies for treating infections, cancer, and inflammatory conditions.