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Related Concept Videos

Coagulation01:09

Coagulation

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The coagulation phase is a critical part of the body's process to prevent blood loss following injury to blood vessels. It involves chemical reactions that form a clot to seal the injured area. The clotting process begins shortly after injury, within 15-20 seconds for severe damage and 1-2 minutes for minor injuries.
During the coagulation phase, clotting factors, or procoagulants, play a vital role in initiating and progressing the coagulation cascade. This cascade is a series of reactions...
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Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins01:30

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Hemostasis is a crucial process that prevents excessive blood loss from damaged blood vessels. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and activation, and fibrin formation. The importance of each mechanism depends on the type of vessel injury. In contrast, thrombosis is the abnormal formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels, leading to potential complications if the clot obstructs blood flow. Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability of the...
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Disorders of Hemostasis01:24

Disorders of Hemostasis

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Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.
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Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

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Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
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Blood Transfusion and Agglutination02:45

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

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Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...
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Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction01:30

Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction

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Venous thrombosis, the most common disorder of the veins, involves the formation of a thrombus or blood clot associated with vein inflammation. It can be classified as either superficial vein thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis.Superficial Vein Thrombosis: This involves the formation of a thrombus in a superficial vein, usually the greater or lesser saphenous vein. Though less severe than deep vein thrombosis (DVT), SVT can lead to complications if untreated.Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): This...
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Author Spotlight: Deciphering Coagulation Disorders in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients
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[COVID-19-associated coagulopathy].

Eriko Morishita1

  • 1Department of Laboratory Science, School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University.

[Rinsho Ketsueki] the Japanese Journal of Clinical Hematology
|September 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, leading to complex coagulopathy and thrombosis. Anticoagulant therapy is crucial but insufficient, necessitating inflammation control and vascular protection.

Keywords:
COVID-19EndothelialitisMicrothrombiThrombosis

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Research
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Cardiovascular Science

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is linked to significant coagulopathy and thrombotic complications.
  • The mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated thrombosis are multifactorial, involving inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and viral presence.
  • Observed thrombotic events include arterial thrombosis, venous thromboembolism, and microthrombi in pulmonary capillaries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the complex mechanisms of coagulopathy and thrombosis in COVID-19 patients.
  • To highlight the necessity and limitations of prophylactic anticoagulant therapy in managing COVID-19-related thrombosis.
  • To propose adjunctive therapeutic strategies for improving outcomes in COVID-19 patients with thrombotic complications.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of current literature on COVID-19 pathophysiology, coagulopathy, and thrombosis.
  • Analysis of clinical observations regarding thrombotic events in patients with varying COVID-19 severity.
  • Evaluation of the efficacy of standard prophylactic anticoagulant therapies.

Main Results:

  • COVID-19 involves a complex interplay of factors contributing to thrombosis, including immobility, coagulation activation, inflammation, and endothelialitis.
  • Both arterial and venous thrombotic events, as well as pulmonary microthrombi, are prevalent in COVID-19.
  • Standard prophylactic anticoagulant therapies demonstrate limited efficacy in fully preventing thrombosis in moderate to severe COVID-19 cases.

Conclusions:

  • Prophylactic anticoagulant therapy is essential for moderate to severe COVID-19 but does not eliminate thrombotic risk.
  • Combined strategies addressing underlying inflammation and protecting vascular endothelium are likely required alongside anticoagulation.
  • Further research into comprehensive treatment approaches for COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and thrombosis is warranted.