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Related Concept Videos

Mass Concreting01:22

Mass Concreting

128
Mass concreting refers to the process of placing large volumes of concrete, such as in gravity dams. The heat generated during the cement hydration process and differential cooling rates within the concrete mass can lead to a temperature gradient, which can result in thermal cracks in the concrete mass.
To reduce the risk of such cracking, the concrete mix may incorporate low-heat cement and pozzolans to reduce the temperature rise. Pre-cooled angular aggregates and water-reducing admixtures...
128
Accelerated Curing of Concrete01:25

Accelerated Curing of Concrete

286
Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...
286
Hot Weather Concreting01:20

Hot Weather Concreting

147
Concreting at elevated temperatures accelerates the hydration process, leading to quicker setting but potentially reducing the long-term strength of the concrete structure. Additionally, low air humidity fosters rapid moisture loss from the concrete, resulting in reduced workability, pronounced plastic shrinkage, and a higher likelihood of crazing.
Mitigating the heat increase in concrete can be economically achieved by shading aggregate stockpiles to prevent heating from solar radiation,...
147
Cold Weather Concreting01:27

Cold Weather Concreting

147
When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
To counteract the negative impacts of cold weather, ensuring...
147
Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

392
The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
392
Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability01:14

Design Example: Managing Concrete Workability

141
This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
141

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Reservoir Condition Pore-scale Imaging of Multiple Fluid Phases Using X-ray Microtomography
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A Three-Phase Transport Model for High-Temperature Concrete Simulations Validated with X-ray CT Data.

Christoph Pohl1, Vít Šmilauer2, Jörg F Unger1

  • 1Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing BAM, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new three-phase transport model to predict thermo-hygral phenomena in concrete exposed to high temperatures. The model accurately simulates temperature and moisture changes, ensuring solid mass balance for reliable spalling predictions.

Keywords:
concretedehydrationfinite elementsheat transfermoisture transportpore pressureporosityporous mediaspalling

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Area of Science:

  • Civil Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • High temperatures cause thermo-hygral phenomena in concrete, leading to pore pressure buildup and spalling.
  • Existing models struggle with solid mass balance due to independent treatment of porosity and dehydration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate a novel three-phase transport model for predicting concrete behavior under high temperatures.
  • To improve the accuracy of thermo-hygral phenomena prediction by ensuring solid mass balance.

Main Methods:

  • A three-phase transport model was developed, incorporating a new formulation for porosity and dehydration.
  • The model was validated using X-ray computed tomography (CT) data up to 320 °C.
  • Neutron radiography data informed the dehydration formulation, replacing traditional thermogravimetric analysis.

Main Results:

  • The model demonstrated good agreement with experimental data for temperature profiles and moisture changes.
  • The new formulation successfully ensured solid mass balance, a limitation in previous approaches.
  • Accurate prediction of thermo-hygral phenomena, crucial for spalling assessment, was achieved.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed three-phase transport model accurately predicts concrete's response to high temperatures.
  • Ensuring solid mass balance through independent porosity variable is critical for reliable modeling.
  • The validated model offers improved insights into concrete spalling mechanisms.