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The Relative Age Effects in Educational Development: A Systematic Review
Alar Urruticoechea1, Andrés Oliveri2, Elena Vernazza3
1Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Uruguay, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|September 10, 2021
Summary
Younger students in the same class may face disadvantages. This relative age effect impacts cognitive, motor, and social development, alongside higher repetition rates.
Area of Science:
- Child Development
- Educational Psychology
- Developmental Pediatrics
Background:
- Numerous factors influence student development, yet the impact of relative age is under-researched.
- The relative age effect (RAE) refers to the influence of birthdate on an individual's opportunities and outcomes within a specific age cohort.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and synthesize recent research on the effects of relative age on child development.
- To identify common findings and trends in the literature regarding RAE in educational settings.
Main Methods:
- A systematic literature review adhering to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines.
- Analysis of 21 articles utilizing data from 24 countries and 32 distinct assessments.
Main Results:
- Relatively younger children in the same class groups demonstrated significantly lower mean scores in cognitive and motor assessments.
- Younger children exhibited higher rates of grade repetition.
- A diminished capacity for socialization was observed in relatively younger students.
Conclusions:
- The relative age effect significantly influences cognitive, motor, and social development in children within educational settings.
- Findings suggest a need to acknowledge and address RAE to ensure equitable development.
- Adaptations in educational practices are proposed to mitigate the negative effects of relative age on child development.
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