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Related Concept Videos

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice
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Binge Drinking: The Top 100 Cited Papers.

María-Teresa Cortés-Tomás1, José-Antonio Giménez-Costa1, Beatriz Martín-Del-Río2

  • 1Basic Psychology Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|September 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review of 100 highly cited binge drinking (BD) studies reveals a need for standardized definitions and better representation of its multidisciplinary nature. Future research should focus on evidence-based, unified BD definitions.

Keywords:
alcohol abusebibliometric analysisbinge drinkingdrug use and health outcomesliterature reviewtop 100

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Psychology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Binge drinking (BD) is a significant public health concern with extensive research.
  • A bibliometric analysis is crucial to understand the landscape of highly cited BD studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the 100 most-cited studies on binge drinking (BD) in the Web of Science (WoS) database.
  • To identify current research status and areas needing further attention in BD research.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective bibliometric analysis of 100 most-cited BD studies from WoS.
  • Data extraction included publication year, authors, design, subject, journal, institution, country, and BD definition.
  • Citation data from WoS, h-index from Scopus, and journal metrics from ISI Journal Citation Reports were utilized.

Main Results:

  • The majority of studies were quantitative, cross-sectional, published between 1992-2013, and authored by English speakers from the USA.
  • Significant heterogeneity exists in the definitions of BD across studies.
  • The most cited topics were consequences, determinants, and epidemiology of BD.
  • Citation density and Bradford's law were calculated.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need to unify BD definitions based on scientific evidence.
  • The multidisciplinary nature of BD is not adequately reflected across thematic research areas.
  • Future research should prioritize standardized definitions and a more integrated approach to understanding BD.