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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Author Spotlight: Novel Assay for Studying B-Cell Responses in Multiple Sclerosis Research
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Clinical Correlation of Multiple Sclerosis Immunopathologic Subtypes.

W Oliver Tobin1, Alicja Kalinowska-Lyszczarz1, Stephen D Weigand1

  • 1From the Department of Neurology (W.O.T., Y.G., L.L.), Health Sciences Research (S.D.W., N.T.), and Department of Pathology (J.E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.K.-L.), Poland; University of Göttingen (I.M., W.B.), Germany; Medical University of Vienna (J.M.F., H.L.), Austria; and Departments of Neurosciences (C.F.L.), Neurology (C.F.L.), and Clinical and Translational Science (C.F.L.), Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.

Neurology
|September 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple sclerosis immunopathologic subtypes show distinct clinical patterns. Pattern III is linked to a more severe initial attack but similar long-term outcomes across subtypes suggest a common disease pathway.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunopathology
  • Demyelinating Diseases

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS).
  • Understanding immunopathologic subtypes is crucial for characterizing MS heterogeneity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare clinical characteristics across distinct immunopathologic subtypes of multiple sclerosis.
  • To investigate the relationship between immunopathologic patterns and disease progression, disability, and clinical course.

Main Methods:

  • Immunopathologic subtyping was performed on CNS demyelination specimens from 547 patients.
  • Clinical data, including age, sex, follow-up duration, disability status, and disease course, were analyzed across subtypes.

Main Results:

  • The study identified three immunopathologic patterns (I, II, III) with frequencies of 23%, 56%, and 22%, respectively.
  • Pattern III was associated with a more severe initial attack and higher attack-related disability compared to Pattern II.
  • Monophasic clinical course was more frequent in Pattern III, but long-term outcomes and survival showed no significant differences across subtypes.

Conclusions:

  • While distinct initial presentations exist, long-term outcomes in multiple sclerosis appear similar across immunopathologic subtypes.
  • Progressive disease may converge to a common pathway, independent of the initial immunopathologic pattern.
  • Immunopathologic subtypes can be identified in active lesions, but their prevalence decreases later in the disease.