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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
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The Nano-War Against Complement Proteins.

Zhicheng Wang1,2, Jacob S Brenner3,4

  • 1Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Stemmler Building, Office #220, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA.

The AAPS Journal
|September 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nanomedicine faces challenges from the complement cascade, which marks drug carriers for immune clearance. Strategies to control complement are crucial for unlocking targeted drug delivery

Keywords:
C3complementnanomedicinenanoparticletargeted drug delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Nanomedicine
  • Immunology
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Targeted drug delivery aims to improve therapeutic efficacy by concentrating drugs at specific sites.
  • Nanoscale drug carriers are hindered by the host immune system, particularly the complement cascade.
  • Complement activation leads to opsonization, immune cell clearance, and potential toxicity of nanocarriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which the complement cascade impedes nanomedicine.
  • To identify nanocarrier material properties that minimize complement activation.
  • To discuss strategies for controlling complement to enable effective nanomedicine.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of complement activation pathways.
  • Analysis of nanocarrier-complement interactions.
  • Synthesis of current and future strategies for complement modulation.

Main Results:

  • Complement protein C3 is a key player in nanocarrier opsonization.
  • Nanocarrier properties influence the extent of complement activation.
  • Strategies include material modification and complement inhibitors.

Conclusions:

  • The complement cascade is a major barrier to nanomedicine efficacy.
  • Understanding and mitigating complement activation is essential for successful targeted drug delivery.
  • Further research into complement control will advance nanomedicine applications.