Upcoming flow promotes the bundle formation of bacterial flagella

Flagellated bacteria swim by rotating a bundle of helical flagella and commonly explore the surrounding environment in a "run-and-tumble" motility mode. Here, we show that the upcoming flow could impact the bacterial run-and-tumble behavior by affecting the formation and dispersal of the flagellar bundle. Using a dual optical tweezers setup to trap individual bacteria, we characterized the effects of the imposed fluid flow and cell body rotation on the run-and-tumble behavior. We found that the two factors affect the behavior differently, with the imposed fluid flow increasing the running time and decreasing the tumbling time and the cell body rotation decreasing the tumbling time only. Using numerical simulations, we computed the flagellar bundling time as a function of flow velocity, which agrees well with our experimental observations. The mechanical effects we characterized here provide novel, to our knowledge, ingredients for further studies of bacterial chemotaxis in complex environments such as dynamic fluid environments.