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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
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Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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The Bone Matrix01:18

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Ceramic Omnidirectional Bioprinting in Cell-Laden Suspensions for the Generation of Bone Analogs
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2D materials for bone therapy.

Xiangjiang Wang1, Xianjing Han1, Chaozhou Li2

  • 1The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
|September 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials show great promise in bone therapy, offering versatile applications in tissue engineering, joint lubrication, and treating bone diseases like tumors and osteoarthritis.

Keywords:
2D materialsAntibacterialBone tissue engineeringBone tumorsJoint lubricationOsteoarthritis

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) materials possess unique physicochemical properties making them suitable for biomedical applications.
  • 2D materials have demonstrated success in treating various conditions, including cancer, tissue engineering, and bone-related therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the applications of 2D materials in bone tissue engineering, joint lubrication, orthopedic implant infections, bone tumors, and osteoarthritis.
  • To detail the mechanisms through which 2D materials function in different bone disease contexts.
  • To discuss future prospects for expanding 2D material applications in bone therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on 2D materials in bone-related biomedical applications.
  • Analysis of the diverse characteristics and functions of 2D materials in various bone diseases.
  • Synthesis of information regarding the mechanisms of action for 2D materials in orthopedic treatments.

Main Results:

  • 2D materials exhibit versatile functions across a spectrum of bone diseases.
  • Specific applications include bone tissue engineering, joint lubrication, combating orthopedic implant infections, treating bone tumors, and managing osteoarthritis.
  • Detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying these applications is crucial for therapeutic development.

Conclusions:

  • 2D materials are highly versatile for bone therapies due to their exceptional properties.
  • Further research into their mechanisms can unlock broader applications in treating bone diseases.
  • The review highlights the significant potential of 2D materials in advancing orthopedic treatments.