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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
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Processing Mandarin Tone 3 Sandhi at the Morphosyntactic Interface: Reduplication and Lexical Compounds.

Feier Gao1, Siqi Lyu2, Chien-Jer Charles Lin3

  • 1Department of Linguistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.

Frontiers in Psychology
|September 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Mandarin tone 3 sandhi processing differs between compounds and verb reduplication. Compounds co-activate underlying and surface tones, while reduplication favors underlying tones, revealing distinct morphological structures.

Keywords:
Mandarin tone 3 sandhimodel of lexical representationprocessingreduplicationsurface representationunderlying representation

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Phonology
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • Mandarin tone 3 sandhi involves a low tone changing to a rising tone before another low tone.
  • Understanding how speakers process these alternations is key to understanding morphological structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the processing of tone 3 sandhi in Mandarin verb reduplication and compounding.
  • To determine if different morphological structures are accessed differently in the mental lexicon.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-modal syllable-morpheme matching experiment was employed.
  • Participants judged auditory-visual matches of sandhi target sequences within sentential contexts.

Main Results:

  • Tone 3 sandhi processing varied between compounds and reduplication.
  • Sandhi compounds showed co-activation and competition between underlying and surface tones.
  • Verb reduplication showed predominant activation of the underlying tone over the surface tone.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support distinct morphological representations for compounds and verb reduplication.
  • Lexical compounds are processed as both whole units and morpheme combinations.
  • Verb reduplication is processed as a single, monomorphemic unit in the mental lexicon.