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Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy01:20

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy

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To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks
10:49

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Published on: December 9, 2011

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Highly conductive electronics circuits from aerosol jet printed silver inks.

Kacper Skarżyński1, Jakub Krzemiński2,3, Małgorzata Jakubowska2,3

  • 1Micro- and Nanotechnology Division, Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 8 sw. A. Boboli st., 02-525, Warsaw, Poland. kacper.skarzynski.dokt@pw.edu.pl.

Scientific Reports
|September 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers enhanced silver nanoparticle inks for printed electronics, significantly reducing resistivity by 95% using surfactants. This breakthrough improves conductivity for wearables and smart packaging applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Printed electronics offer low-cost, flexible, and 3D-shaped devices for wearables and smart packaging.
  • Current printed electronics have higher resistivity than bulk materials, limiting electrical performance.
  • A need exists for low-resistive, printable inks for high-resolution printed electronics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance silver nanoparticle ink parameters for micro-scale Aerosol Jet Printing.
  • To improve electrical conductivity and printability of silver nanoparticle inks.
  • To investigate the effect of surfactants and dispersing agents on ink properties and printed pattern resolution.

Main Methods:

  • Modification of silver nanoparticle ink formulations using cationic and non-ionic surfactants and dispersing agents.
  • Application of Aerosol Jet Printing for micro-scale pattern fabrication.
  • Electrical resistivity measurements of printed silver patterns.

Main Results:

  • Surfactant and dispersing agent addition improved ultrasonic atomization efficiency and ink printability.
  • Uniform printed line structures and narrower pattern widths were achieved.
  • Resistivity of printed silver patterns decreased by 95% compared to initial formulations.

Conclusions:

  • Surfactant-modified silver nanoparticle inks demonstrate significantly enhanced electrical conductivity for printed electronics.
  • Aerosol Jet Printing with optimized inks shows promise for high-resolution, low-resistivity printed electronic applications.
  • These advancements support the development of next-generation wearables and smart packaging.