Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Bile

Bile

Bile is a crucial bodily fluid, characterized by its yellow-green color and alkaline nature. Produced in the liver, it is transported through the common hepatic duct into either the cystic duct, leading to the gallbladder, or directly into the common bile duct. The flow of bile is regulated by the sphincter of Oddi located at the entrance of the duodenum. When this sphincter is closed, bile is redirected to the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
Bile is released when dietary fats enter...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Interstitial Spaces: A Basolateral Source of Structure and Signals.

Annual review of cell and developmental biology·2026

Same author

Characterizing pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblast heterogeneity in vascular microphysiological systems.

Angiogenesis·2026

Same author

Nuclear SUN2 coordinates endothelial cell-matrix interactions to regulate blood vessel homeostasis and barrier function.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Reduction in Hepatic Phosphatidylcholine Biosynthesis Promotes MASH Through Copper Deficiency.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

A novel manganese glycerophosphate vaccine gel elicits broad and durable immunity across an aged and pox virus model.

Nanoscale·2026

Same author

Understanding sub-cellular mechanochemical correlations of the neonatal extrahepatic bile duct extracellular matrix by atomic force microscope-Infrared spectroscopy.

Analytica chimica acta·2026

Same journal

Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Modeling Melanoma Immune Surveillance by CAR-T Cells in Human Skin Organoids.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Stepwise Optimization of a Matrigel-Based In Vitro Angiogenesis Assay for Reproducible and Quantifiable 2D-Tube Formation Using HUVECs.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Quantifying Mechanical Properties of Fresh Ovarian Tissue with Optical Brillouin Microscopy.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

3D Chromatin Architecture During Early Development: New Methods and New Findings.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

Same journal

Metabolic Plasticity in Embryogenesis Throughout the Lens of NAD<sup></sup>.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Generation of Organoids from Mouse Extrahepatic Bile Ducts

Generation of Organoids from Mouse Extrahepatic Bile Ducts

Published on: April 23, 2019

Bile Duct-on-a-Chip.

Yu Du^1,2, William J Polacheck³, Rebecca G Wells^4,5,6,7

¹Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|September 14, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel bile duct-on-a-chip (BDOC) model. This 3D platform accurately mimics bile duct structure and function for studying cholangiopathies.

Keywords:

3D cell culture Bile duct epithelium Biliary model Cholangiopathy Microfluidics Organ-on-chip Organotypic model

More Related Videos

Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver

Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver

Published on: April 30, 2019

Combining Human Organoids and Organ-on-a-Chip Technology to Model Intestinal Region-Specific Functionality

Combining Human Organoids and Organ-on-a-Chip Technology to Model Intestinal Region-Specific Functionality

Published on: May 5, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Generation of Organoids from Mouse Extrahepatic Bile Ducts

Generation of Organoids from Mouse Extrahepatic Bile Ducts

Published on: April 23, 2019

Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver

Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver

Published on: April 30, 2019

Combining Human Organoids and Organ-on-a-Chip Technology to Model Intestinal Region-Specific Functionality

Combining Human Organoids and Organ-on-a-Chip Technology to Model Intestinal Region-Specific Functionality

Published on: May 5, 2022

Area of Science:

* Biomedical Engineering
* Cell Biology
* Organ-on-a-chip Technology

Background:

* Cholangiopathies, diseases of the biliary tree, lack adequate in vitro models for research.
* Conventional 2D models and organoids fail to replicate bile duct's complex 3D structure and cellular organization.
* Difficulty in controlling duct size and cell positioning hinders study of biliary physiology and pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

* To develop a physiologically relevant in vitro model of the bile duct.
* To create a platform for studying cholangiopathies and biliary tract pathophysiology.
* To overcome limitations of existing 2D and organoid models.

Main Methods:

* Engineered a novel bile duct-on-a-chip (BDOC) device.
* Replicated the open-ended, three-dimensional tubular architecture of native bile ducts.
* Seeded the BDOC with cholangiocyte cell lines and primary cells.

Main Results:

* The BDOC successfully phenocopied the structural organization of the bile duct.
* Seeded cells demonstrated barrier function comparable to in vivo bile ducts.
* The device provides a controllable platform for cell positioning and duct size.

Conclusions:

* The bile duct-on-a-chip (BDOC) offers a superior in vitro model for biliary research.
* This platform enables the study of cholangiopathies using diverse cholangiocyte sources.
* BDOC advances the development of physiologically relevant models for liver diseases.