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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Resistive Touchscreen01:14

Design Example: Resistive Touchscreen

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A device engineer plays a crucial role in designing user interfaces for mobile devices. One such interface is the resistive touchscreen, which fundamentally consists of two metallic layers: a flexible upper layer and a rigid lower layer, separated by a narrow gap. The high resistance between these two layers is a key characteristic of this design.
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Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing
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Hollow MXene Sphere-Based Flexible E-Skin for Multiplex Tactile Detection.

Xue-Feng Zhao1,2, Xiao-Hong Wen1, Shu-Lin Zhong3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics & Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|September 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a flexible electronic skin with novel 3D hollow MXene spheres for advanced tactile sensing. This innovation enables real-time measurement of force magnitude, direction, and location for soft robotics and human-machine interfaces.

Keywords:
T-ZnOw/PDMS filme-skinhollow MXene spherestrain−pressure detectionstretchable electrodes

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Robotics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Advanced tactile sensing is crucial for soft robotics, health monitoring, and human-machine interfaces.
  • Existing electronic skin technologies struggle to accurately measure contact parameters like force magnitude, direction, and location.
  • There is a need for flexible, durable, and highly sensitive electronic skin solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate a flexible electronic skin capable of real-time measurement and discrimination of external contact parameters.
  • To develop a novel stretchable electrode utilizing 3D hollow MXene spheres to overcome limitations of current conductive materials.
  • To demonstrate the potential of this electronic skin in biomimetic soft wearable devices, object recognition, and robotic manipulation.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a flexible electronic skin by integrating 3D hollow MXene spheres/Ag NW hybrid nanocomposite-based stretchable electrodes with T-ZnOw/PDMS film-based capacitive pressure sensors.
  • Utilizing the unique properties of 3D hollow MXene spheres to prevent stress concentration and conductive layer shedding.
  • Characterizing the strain-resistance and pressure-capacitance modules to evaluate sensing performance.

Main Results:

  • The developed electronic skin demonstrates excellent sensing performance with high stability and response time.
  • The 3D hollow MXene spheres effectively mitigate stress concentration and prevent shedding of the conductive layer.
  • A 6x6 sensor array successfully achieved multiplex detection of external force stimuli without mutual interference.

Conclusions:

  • The novel electronic skin offers comprehensive tactile sensing capabilities, measuring force magnitude, direction, and location in real-time.
  • The integration of 3D hollow MXene spheres represents a significant advancement in stretchable electrode technology.
  • This technology holds great promise for applications in advanced robotics, wearable devices, and human-machine interaction.