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Flow Cytometry

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation for Sizing of Gold Nanoparticles in Suspension

Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation for Sizing of Gold Nanoparticles in Suspension

Published on: September 11, 2020

Field-flow fractionation for nanoparticle characterization.

Gaëtane Lespes¹, Valentin De Carsalade Du Pont¹

¹Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les matériaux (IPREM UMR UPPA/CNRS), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (E2S/UPPA), Helioparc, 2 Avenue Angot, Pau Cedex 9, France.

Journal of Separation Science

|September 14, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a powerful separation technique for nanomaterials. This review highlights how FFF theory links analyte characteristics to retention, offering superior separation capabilities for nanoparticle characterization.

Keywords:

chemical composition dimensional characterization improved selectivity morphology multitechnique analysis

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Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Nanoparticle characterization is crucial for understanding material properties and applications.
Traditional separation techniques often face limitations with nanoscale analytes.
Field-flow fractionation (FFF) offers a versatile platform for separating and characterizing nanoparticles.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the theoretical underpinnings of field-flow fractionation (FFF).
To highlight the relationship between analyte characteristics and retention in FFF.
To discuss the selection of FFF techniques and detectors for nanoparticle characterization.

Main Methods:

Theoretical analysis of FFF principles.
Exploration of four primary FFF techniques based on applied forces: hydrodynamic, sedimentation, thermal, and electrical.
Comparison of FFF separation performance with other techniques.
Discussion of characterization strategies, including online and offline detection.

Main Results:

FFF theory effectively links retention to the characteristics of nanometer-sized analytes.
The choice of applied force dictates the FFF technique and its suitability for specific characterization goals.
FFF demonstrates superior intrinsic separation capability compared to other separation methods.
Various characterization strategies and detector choices (online/offline) are discussed.

Conclusions:

Field-flow fractionation is a highly capable technique for nanoparticle separation and characterization.
Understanding FFF theory is key to selecting the optimal technique and strategy for specific analytical needs.
FFF addresses current challenges in nanomaterial characterization, offering promising future solutions.