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Flexible constraint hierarchy during the visual encoding of tool-object interactions.

Kristel Yu Tiamco Bayani1, Nikhilesh Natraj1,2, Mary Kate Gale1

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Gaze patterns reveal how task constraints influence tool perception. Eye tracking shows attention shifts based on whether grasp or goal is prioritized, demonstrating a flexible perceptual hierarchy in action understanding.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Tools offer multiple action possibilities, constrained by task goals and environmental factors.
  • Action hierarchies suggest goals are high-level, while movements are low-level.
  • Tool-object perception is significantly shaped by grasp and action context.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if eye-tracking can identify perceptual hierarchies in tool-object observation.
  • To test the hypothesis that gaze patterns reflect task context and grasp constraints.

Main Methods:

  • Participants observed tool-object scenes with task-context (correct/incorrect pairings) and grasp constraints (modified tool orientations).
  • Eye movements were recorded to analyze attentional biases across three areas of interest: object, functional tool-end, and manipulative tool-end.
  • Stimuli manipulated grasp postures to assess their impact on perception.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct encoding processes were observed based on stimuli constraints.
  • Goal-oriented encoding (bias towards object and manipulative end) occurred when grasp was not critical for tool use.
  • Means-related encoding (bias towards object and functional end) emerged when grasp postures were crucial for action performance.

Conclusions:

  • Gaze patterns demonstrate a flexible perceptual hierarchy influenced by task constraints.
  • Attentional biases shift between goal-oriented and means-related encoding depending on the observed task and grasp demands.
  • This research expands understanding of how observers perceptually organize tool-object interactions.