Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 20, 2025
09:40
Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials
Published on: November 15, 2014
14.0K
SCHOOL PUNISHMENT AND INTERPERSONAL EXCLUSION: REJECTION, WITHDRAWAL, AND SEPARATION FROM FRIENDS
1Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, 2220H Samuel J. LeFrak Hall, College Park, MD 20742.
Criminology : an Interdisciplinary Journal
|September 16, 2021
Summary
School suspension, a common punishment for minority youth, can lead to social exclusion and increased association with antisocial peers. This study highlights how suspension may worsen inequality, especially in smaller rural schools.
Area of Science:
- Sociology
- Criminology
- Developmental Psychology
Background:
- School suspension is a prevalent disciplinary action in the U.S.
- Disproportionately affects racial minority and disadvantaged students
- Labeling theories suggest sanctions lead to social exclusion and antisocial peer involvement
Purpose of the Study:
- Examine suspension's link to friendship discontinuity via rejection, withdrawal, and separation
- Test suspension's association with increased antisocial peer involvement
- Assess if these effects are amplified in smaller rural schools
Main Methods:
- Analyzed friendship tie discontinuity using preference and peer reports
- Measured changes in perceived social exclusion
- Investigated peer involvement, specifically with substance-using peers
Main Results:
- Suspension linked to greater friendship discontinuity and perceived exclusion
- Suspension associated with increased involvement with substance-using peers
- Some effects were stronger in smaller rural schools
Conclusions:
- Findings support labeling theories regarding suspension's negative social impacts
- Excessive reliance on suspension may exacerbate youth inequality
- Highlights need for alternative disciplinary approaches in rural schools
Related Concept Videos
02:04Bullying
8.6K
A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is...
8.6K
01:27Punishment
455
Negative reinforcement and punishment are often confused but serve distinct functions in behavior modification. Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, increases the likelihood of a desired behavior, while punishment decreases it.
Punishment can be positive or negative. Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus, such as scolding, to decrease a behavior. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, such as taking away a favorite toy, to decrease behavior....
Punishment can be positive or negative. Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus, such as scolding, to decrease a behavior. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, such as taking away a favorite toy, to decrease behavior....
455
01:20Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other
41
According to George Herbert Mead, as children progress beyond the game stage, they develop a more comprehensive understanding of societal rules and norms. This cognitive and social development enables them to internalize the expectations of the broader community, refining their ability to regulate behavior.Consistent participation in organized activities is crucial in helping children recognize that their actions are not isolated but contribute to a more significant, interconnected group...
41
01:25Importance of Need for Affiliation
47
The need for affiliation is a fundamental human motive that drives individuals to form and maintain interpersonal relationships. This universal drive varies in intensity among individuals due to genetic predispositions and life experiences, shaping it into a relatively stable personality trait. Social inclusion enhances emotional well-being by fulfilling the need for affiliation, whereas social exclusion leads to distress, negative emotions, and cognitive impairments.Psychological and Emotional...
47
01:20Friendships and Close Friendships
30
Friendship formation is a dynamic process shaped by psychological, cultural, and social factors. Friendships play a crucial role in emotional well-being, social development, and personal identity from childhood to adulthood.Childhood and Early FriendshipsFriendships in childhood often arise due to shared environments, such as school or neighborhood interactions. At this stage, proximity and common interests serve as the primary basis for connection. As children grow, their friendships evolve...
30
03:20The Stanford Prison Experiment
23.9K
The famous and controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues at Stanford University, demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.
23.9K