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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Growing Protein Crystals with Distinct Dimensions Using Automated Crystallization Coupled with In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering
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Controllable light-induced droplet evaporative crystallization.

Dongliang Li1,2, Long Jiao1,2, Rong Chen1,2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China. rchen@cqu.edu.cn.

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|September 16, 2021
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Summary

A novel light strategy uses focused infrared lasers to control droplet evaporative crystallization. This method enhances crystal concentration via photothermal effects and Marangoni flow, offering precise manipulation for various applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Droplet evaporative crystallization is crucial for diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and pharmaceutical synthesis.
  • Controlling crystallization processes is essential for optimizing these applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a controllable and flexible light-based strategy for manipulating droplet evaporative crystallization.
  • To investigate the use of photothermal effects for enhanced crystallization control.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a focused infrared laser to induce localized heating and intense evaporation.
  • Leveraging the photothermal effect and resultant Marangoni flow to manipulate crystallization.
  • Analyzing the relationship between crystallization time, solution concentration, and laser power.

Main Results:

  • The focused infrared laser effectively promoted droplet evaporative crystallization.
  • Marangoni flow, driven by localized heating, concentrated the crystals, demonstrating excellent controllability.
  • A clear relationship was established between crystallization onset time and parameters like solution concentration and laser power.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed light strategy offers a controllable and flexible method for droplet evaporative crystallization.
  • This technique shows significant potential for applications in clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and pharmaceutical synthesis.
  • The ability to manipulate crystallization through light provides a valuable tool for scientific and industrial purposes.