Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

14.5K
The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
14.5K
Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

3.8K
A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
3.8K
The Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:08

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

6.1K
Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They coordinate both stages of photosynthesis — the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to release oxygen and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions capture CO2 and use ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
Structure of...
6.1K
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

15.8K
Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
15.8K
Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:07

Anatomy of Chloroplasts

116.1K
Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor chloroplasts—the vital organelles where photosynthesis takes place. In plants, the highest density of chloroplasts is found in the mesophyll cells of leaves.
116.1K
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

3.9K
The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
3.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A sequential MAP kinase cascade regulates mechanical signalling.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Dysregulated 3'-end processing of 18S pre-rRNA decreases mtPNPase efficiency in plant mitochondria.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

<i>Streptomyces</i> Volatiles Alter Auxin/Cytokinin Signaling, Root Architecture, and Growth Rate in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> via Signaling Through the <i>KISS ME DEADLY</i> Gene Family.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Arabidopsis phospholipid modifications mediate cellulase-induced resistance to a fungal peptide antibiotic by imposing cell polarity.

The New phytologist·2025
Same author

Transcriptomic Profiling of Quinoa Reveals Distinct Defense Responses to Exogenous Methyl Jasmonate and Salicylic Acid.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Importance of the leaf respiratory quotient.

Physiologia plantarum·2025
Same journal

Hypsochromic shift in phytochrome C Pr absorption complements phytochrome B-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
Same journal

The HD-Zip IV gene ZmHB118 is required for basal endosperm transfer layer formation and maternal-to-filial nutrient allocation during maize seed filling.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
Same journal

An ER-microtubule bridge: Reticulon 17 links microtubules with ER network organisation in plants.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
Same journal

Chromosome-scale genome of Myriophyllum spicatum unveils the role of allohexaploidy in driving aquatic adaptation and widespread invasion.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
Same journal

Rapid CO<sub>2</sub> effects on protein-related metabolism during photosynthetic gas exchange.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
Same journal

AtGPP2 encodes a 3-deoxy-manno-octulosonate-8-phosphatase required for the synthesis of KDO in rhamnogalacturonan II.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing
12:33

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: July 28, 2017

13.0K

Plant mitochondria - past, present and future.

Ian Max Møller1, Allan G Rasmusson2, Olivier Van Aken2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|September 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant mitochondria possess unique biochemical and genetic properties, including alternative respiration pathways and complex DNA and protein machinery. These features enable flexible metabolism crucial for diverse plant functions.

Keywords:
NAD(P)H dehydrogenasesalternative oxidasemetabolismmitochondriamitochondrial genesproteomics

More Related Videos

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana
09:54

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

Published on: January 5, 2018

15.6K
Analysis of the Expression and Complexes Assembly of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Proteins in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
08:07

Analysis of the Expression and Complexes Assembly of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Proteins in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Published on: May 2, 2025

629

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing
12:33

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: July 28, 2017

13.0K
Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana
09:54

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

Published on: January 5, 2018

15.6K
Analysis of the Expression and Complexes Assembly of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Proteins in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
08:07

Analysis of the Expression and Complexes Assembly of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Proteins in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Published on: May 2, 2025

629

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Mitochondrial Physiology
  • Molecular Genetics

Background:

  • Plant mitochondria research began in the 1950s, focusing on basic properties and respiration.
  • Early studies revealed unique traits like malate oxidation and rotenone/cyanide insensitivity.
  • Molecular biology and genomics since 1985 uncovered further complexities in plant mitochondria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a detailed overview of plant mitochondrial structure and function.
  • To highlight unique properties distinguishing plant from mammalian mitochondria.
  • To explore the roles of these unique properties in various plant cellular processes.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical and physiological approaches for initial characterization.
  • Molecular biology and genomics for discovering genetic and molecular properties.
  • Comparative analysis with mammalian mitochondria to identify unique features.

Main Results:

  • Identified unique respiratory enzymes (alternative NADH dehydrogenase, alternative oxidase).
  • Characterized plant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) as large, gene-rich, with high recombination and complex RNA processing.
  • Described a large proteome with unique proteins (e.g., pentatricopeptide repeat proteins).

Conclusions:

  • Unique properties confer metabolic flexibility, supporting diverse plant functions like photosynthesis, stress response, and evolution.
  • Plant mitochondria play critical roles in photosynthesis, respiration, and stress adaptation.
  • Challenges remain in understanding cellular regulation, mtDNA expression, and retrograde signaling in plant mitochondria.