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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles
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Controllable Frontal Polymerization and Spontaneous Patterning Enabled by Phase-Changing Particles.

Yuan Gao1,2, Mason A Dearborn3, Julie Hemmer1

  • 1Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|September 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Frontal polymerization patterning is achieved by controlling heat-absorbing particles. This study reveals mechanisms for creating tunable, mask-free patterns in thermoset polymers and composites.

Keywords:
front-particle interaction regimefrontal polymerizationphase transitionthermal patterning

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Frontal polymerization offers efficient, eco-friendly thermoset polymer manufacturing.
  • Current underutilization stems from a lack of dynamic control understanding.
  • Controlling front propagation is key to advanced material fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the control and patterning of front propagation in dicyclopentadiene resin.
  • To investigate the role of phase-changing polycaprolactone particles in front dynamics.
  • To enable predictive and designed patterning of polymeric materials.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multiphysical numerical analyses for predictive modeling.
  • Investigated front-particle interactions via endothermic phase transition and exothermic reactions.
  • Performed single- and double-frontal polymerization experiments in an open mold.

Main Results:

  • Identified two interaction regimes governing front temperature, velocity, and path.
  • Demonstrated tunable physical patterns through particle size, spacing, and front number.
  • Confirmed numerical predictions experimentally, showing front separation and merging near particles.

Conclusions:

  • Established a fundamental understanding of frontal polymerization with heat-absorbing second-phase materials.
  • Proposed a one-step manufacturing method for precisely patterned materials.
  • Eliminated the need for masks, molds, or printers in pattern formation.