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The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Tumor Progression

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

In Vitro Assay to Study Tumor-macrophage Interaction

In Vitro Assay to Study Tumor-macrophage Interaction

Published on: August 1, 2019

The Interaction Between the Microbiome and Tumors.

Yawen Zong^1,2, Yujie Zhou^1,2, Binyou Liao¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

|September 17, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The human microbiome, a collection of microbes, is altered in cancer patients, influencing tumor development. Understanding these microbiome-tumor interactions is key to developing new cancer therapies.

Keywords:

cancer gene mutations host immunity metabolism microbiome tumor progression tumorigenesis

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Last Updated: Oct 19, 2025

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Published on: August 1, 2019

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Characterization and Functional Prediction of Bacteria in Ovarian Tissues

Characterization and Functional Prediction of Bacteria in Ovarian Tissues

Published on: October 23, 2021

Area of Science:

Oncology
Microbiology
Immunology

Background:

Cancer incidence and mortality rates are increasing globally.
Identifying cancer etiology and risk factors is crucial for research.
Altered microbial communities (microbiome) are increasingly found in tumors and surrounding tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize and discuss the complex interactions between the microbiome and tumor progression.
To elucidate the role of the microbiome in cancer development and potential therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing research on microbiome-cancer relationships.
Analysis of studies investigating microbial presence in tumor microenvironments, tissues, and nonadjacent sites.
Discussion of proposed mechanisms by which the microbiome influences tumorigenesis.

Main Results:

Microbiome composition differs significantly between cancer patients and healthy individuals.
Tumors can actively reshape the microbial environment to favor specific microbial communities.
The microbiome can drive cancer development via inflammation and modulation of host immunity.

Conclusions:

The microbiome plays a significant role in cancer progression through various mechanisms.
Understanding these interactions offers potential for novel cancer diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate the causal relationships and therapeutic potential.