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Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
Published on: November 10, 2023
Diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusions: A review
Christian M Lo Cascio1, Viren Kaul2, Sahajal Dhooria3
1Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Abstract:
Tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) is the second most common presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The paucibacillary nature of the effusion poses diagnostic challenges. Biomarkers like adenosine deaminase and interferon-γ have some utility for diagnosing TPEs, as do cartridge-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. When these fluid studies remain indeterminate, pleural biopsies must be performed to confirm the diagnosis. This review article elaborates on the scientific evidence available for various diagnostic tests and presents a practical approach to the diagnosis of TPEs.
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