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Related Concept Videos

Social Loafing01:37

Social Loafing

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Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
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Equity Theory01:26

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Equity theory explains how our sense of fairness influences the dynamics of close relationships. Rooted in social psychology, the theory posits that individuals evaluate fairness by comparing the ratio of their contributions to the rewards they receive. Relationship satisfaction is highest when these ratios are perceived as balanced between partners, promoting mutual reciprocity and a sense of justice.Equity vs. Equality in RelationshipsEquity is distinct from equality. Fairness does not...
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Impact of Individuals on a Group01:25

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In social psychology, the interplay between individuals and groups is a central concern, particularly regarding how individual actions and characteristics influence group processes and outcomes. While much research emphasizes the group's power in shaping individual behavior, it is equally significant to understand how individuals contribute to the functioning, development, and success of groups.Individual Roles in Group Productivity and Decision-MakingIndividuals are not passive participants in...
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Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube01:18

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When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.
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As a system undergoes a change, its internal energy can change, and energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the surroundings to the system. 
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The human body employs intricate mechanisms to counteract changes in blood pH, preventing conditions like acidosis (pH < 7.35) and alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These compensatory responses aim to restore normal arterial blood pH by engaging respiratory or renal systems, depending on the source of the imbalance.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices
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The Emerging Liquid IT Workforce: Theorizing Their Personal Competitive Advantage.

Olivera Marjanovic1, Vijaya Murthy2

  • 1School of Professional Practice and Leadership, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007 Sydney, Australia.

Information Systems Frontiers : a Journal of Research and Innovation
|September 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Liquid IT workers maintain competitiveness through a blend of skills, relationships, and continuous development. Effective management strategies focus on building social capital for this growing liquid workforce.

Keywords:
Future of IT professionIT skillsLiquid IT workforceManagement of IT professionalsPersonal Competitive AdvantageQualitative study

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Area of Science:

  • Information Systems
  • Organizational Behavior
  • Human Resource Management

Background:

  • The 'liquid workforce' is a rapidly growing phenomenon in the IT sector.
  • Existing research on IT workforce primarily focuses on retention and turnover prevention.
  • There is a need to understand how liquid IT workers maintain competitiveness and how to manage them effectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how liquid IT workers remain competitive.
  • To identify suitable strategies for managing and engaging the liquid workforce.
  • To propose a new conceptual model for personal competitive advantage (PCA) in liquid IT professionals.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative research approach using insights from interviews.
  • Interviews conducted with independent liquid IT professionals in a financial institution.
  • Development of a conceptual model based on human capital and social capital theories.

Main Results:

  • A new conceptual model of 'personal competitive advantage' (PCA) is proposed.
  • PCA is theorized as a triple-helix interplay of 'Doing', 'Relating', and 'Becoming'.
  • Initial strategies for managing and engaging the liquid workforce are articulated based on the PCA model.

Conclusions:

  • The study expands IS research beyond retention to focus on proactive management strategies.
  • Emphasizes building and maintaining social capital within and beyond organizational boundaries for liquid workforces.
  • Suggests that understanding the interplay of Doing, Relating, and Becoming is key to liquid worker competitiveness and engagement.