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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Activation of TIR signalling boosts pattern-triggered immunity.

Hainan Tian1, Zhongshou Wu1,2, Siyu Chen1,3,4

  • 1Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Nature
|September 20, 2021
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Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) signaling is crucial for pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in plants. Activating TIR signaling enhances plant defense against pathogens by boosting PTI responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant immunity
  • Molecular plant-pathogen interactions
  • Cellular signaling

Background:

  • Plant immune responses rely on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs).
  • NLRs with Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains activate defense through NADase activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of TIR signaling activation in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI).
  • To understand the contribution of TIR signaling to plant defense against pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of TIR signaling mutants in PTI responses.
  • Assessing PTI in plants with reduced NLR levels.
  • Gene expression analysis of TIR-domain-containing proteins upon PTI elicitor treatment.

Main Results:

  • TIR signaling mutants showed weakened PTI responses and reduced pathogen resistance.
  • PTI was compromised in plants with lower NLR levels.
  • PTI elicitors rapidly induced genes encoding TIR-domain proteins, suggesting TIR signaling activation during PTI.

Conclusions:

  • Activation of TIR signaling is essential for robust pattern-triggered immunity.
  • TIR signaling acts as a key mechanism to enhance plant defense during PTI.