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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
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Crack morphologies in drying suspension drops.

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  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. philippe.bourrianne@princeton.edu.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Drying nanoparticle suspensions form different deposit patterns based on concentration. Particle volume fraction exclusively controls deposit shape and crack patterns, revealing common crack propagation dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Drying of colloidal suspensions leads to particle deposition.
  • Dilute suspensions form ring deposits, concentrated suspensions form uniform coatings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate nanoparticle deposit formation from drying aqueous suspensions.
  • Characterize deposit morphology and crack patterns.
  • Determine factors controlling deposit shape and cracking.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled drying of nanoparticle suspensions with varying volume fractions.
  • Microscopic analysis of deposit morphology.
  • Crack pattern analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified four distinct deposition regimes based on particle volume fraction.
  • Two intermediate regimes exhibit non-uniform thickness and unique crack morphologies.
  • Deposit shape and crack number are solely determined by initial particle volume fraction.
  • Common avalanche-like crack propagation dynamics observed across regimes due to substrate delamination.

Conclusions:

  • Particle volume fraction is the exclusive determinant of nanoparticle deposit morphology and cracking.
  • Drying dynamics and substrate interactions influence crack propagation.
  • Understanding these regimes is crucial for controlling thin-film fabrication.