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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Traverse Angle Computations01:25

Design Example: Traverse Angle Computations

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Traverse angle computations are a critical component of surveying, used to compute the internal angles within a closed traverse. A traverse consists of a series of connected lines forming a closed loop, often used for land boundary delineation or mapping. Calculating the internal angles ensures accuracy in the traverse geometry and is essential for checking survey data integrity.The process begins with known azimuths and bearings of the traverse sides. Internal angles at each vertex are...
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Adjusting a Traverse01:12

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In the site survey of a four-sided traverse, internal angles are essential to ensure geometric accuracy. The survey revealed that the sum of the measured internal angles was 359 degrees and 48 minutes, which is 12 minutes less than the expected 360 degrees. This discrepancy signals an error likely arising from measurement inaccuracies during the fieldwork.To rectify this error, the adjustment process involved distributing the 12-minute shortfall equally across the four internal angles. By...
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Unsymmetric Bending - Angle of Neutral Axis01:15

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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when a structural member is subjected to bending moments in a plane that does not align with the member's principal axes. This scenario typically arises in beams and other structural components when loads are applied at non-ideal angles, introducing complexities in stress analysis.
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Beams with Unsymmetric Loadings01:17

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Analyzing a supported beam under unsymmetrical loadings is essential in structural engineering to understand how beams respond to varied force distributions. This analysis involves calculating the deflection and identifying points where the slope of the beam is zero, which are crucial for ensuring structural stability and functionality.
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An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the...
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Two-Dimensional Force System: Problem Solving01:29

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Solving problems related to two-dimensional force systems is an essential aspect of mechanics and engineering. By applying the principles of vector analysis and force equilibrium, one can determine the effect of multiple forces acting on an object in a two-dimensional space.
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Inclination angles during cross-slope roof walking.

Scott P Breloff1, Robert E Carey1, Chip Wade2

  • 1National Institute for Occupation Safety & Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505, United States.

Safety Science
|September 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cross-slope roof walking significantly increases inclination angles (IAs), indicating reduced postural stability for roofers. This heightened instability escalates the risk of falls and injuries in the construction industry.

Keywords:
Center of mass-lateral ankle inclination angleConstructionGaitResidential roofingSloped roof surface

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Safety and Health
  • Biomechanics
  • Construction Safety

Background:

  • Residential roofers face the highest fall rates in construction, leading to significant annual costs.
  • Sloped roof surfaces are a primary work environment, yet postural stability on inclines is understudied.
  • Inclination angles (IAs) measured via ankle markers may quantify stability during sloped work.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of cross-slope roof walking on anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) inclination angles (IAs) in adult males.
  • To determine if walking on a sloped roof alters postural stability compared to level walking.

Main Methods:

  • Eleven adult males participated in level and cross-slope (6/12 pitch) roof gait sessions.
  • Changes in AP and ML IAs were analyzed at heel strike (HS) and toe off (TO) for both legs separately.
  • Statistical analysis compared IA differences between level and sloped conditions.

Main Results:

  • Significant increases in IAs were observed on the sloped roof across most conditions (p ≤ 0.006).
  • The 'lower' leg's AP IA showed no significant change (p = 0.136).
  • Increased IAs suggest reduced postural stability, greater body sway, and potential for anterior-posterior slips or medial-lateral falls.

Conclusions:

  • Traversing sloped roof surfaces inherently reduces postural stability in healthy workers.
  • Increased inclination angles directly correlate with escalated injury and fall risk factors for roofers.
  • This study highlights the need for safety interventions addressing stability on sloped work environments.