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Neuromuscular Diseases Affect Number Representation and Processing: An Exploratory Study.

Hendrikje Schmidt^1,2, Arianna Felisatti¹, Michael von Aster²

¹Potsdam Embodied Cognition Group, Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.

Frontiers in Psychology

|September 23, 2021

Summary

Children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) show altered spatial-numerical associations and arithmetic skills compared to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, suggesting motor development impacts cognition.

Keywords:

Duchenne muscular dystrophy child development embodied cognition mathematics neuromuscular disease numerical processing spatial-numerical associations spinal muscular atrophy

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Psychology
Genetics

Background:

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are rare genetic neuromuscular diseases causing progressive motor loss.
Cognitive development in SMA and DMD is less understood than neuromotor development, despite profound differences in motor experience.
Children with SMA never achieve independent motor exploration, while DMD children lose this ability later, potentially impacting cognitive pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate differences in basic numerical concepts and arithmetic achievement between SMA and DMD patients.
To link these cognitive differences to variations in motor development and sensorimotor experiences.
To explore spatial-numerical associations in children with SMA and DMD.

Main Methods:

Assessed arithmetic skills and general cognitive ability in SMA and DMD children (ages 6-12).
Explored horizontal and vertical spatial-numerical associations using a random number generation task.
Compared findings with a focus on embodied cognition principles.

Main Results:

SMA patients exhibited no horizontal and reversed vertical spatial-numerical associations.
DMD patients displayed spatial-numerical association patterns similar to typically developing children.
Significant differences were observed in spatial number processing, arithmetic, and general cognitive functions between the groups.

Conclusions:

Early sensorimotor experiences, shaped by motor development, appear to influence the development of mental number representations.
Cognitive differences in SMA vs. DMD highlight the role of motor development in shaping cognitive functions.
Further research is needed to understand the long-term implications for higher-order cognitive and arithmetic skills.