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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications
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The patellar ligament: A comprehensive review.

Karis Bennett1, Tanner Vincent1, Sumathilatha Sakthi-Velavan1

  • 1Division of Biomedical Sciences, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.

Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.)
|September 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The patellar ligament (PL) has anatomical variations influencing knee injuries and autograft success. Understanding these variations aids surgical precision and clarifies why women experience more patellar tendinopathy.

Keywords:
anatomic variationautograftselasticitypatellar ligamenttendinopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Anatomy
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • The patellar ligament (PL) is crucial to knee extensor function.
  • Clinical relevance is noted in autograft procedures and tendinopathy.
  • Recent reports highlight anatomical variations like aplasia, numerical anomalies, and vascular differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature on patellar ligament (PL) anatomical variations.
  • To establish consensus on PL neurovasculature, histology, and morphometrics.
  • To correlate findings with surgical considerations, sex, and age differences.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review methodology was employed.
  • A comprehensive literature search identified 90 relevant articles.
  • Articles were categorized by anatomical variations, neurovasculature, morphometrics, microanatomy, sex/age differences, and ACL reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • PL anatomical variations and morphometrics correlate with strain injuries, tendinopathy, and autograft efficacy in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.
  • Sex differences in PL measurements and estrogen's effect on collagen synthesis contribute to higher tendinopathy incidence in women.
  • Awareness of PL variations aids surgical planning, preventing nerve injury complications.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding PL variations is vital for surgical planning and complication avoidance.
  • Knowledge of PL microanatomy is essential for managing degeneration, rupture, and autograft procedures.
  • PL morphometrics and sex-related differences provide insights into tendinopathy prevalence.