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Related Concept Videos

Cofactors and Coenzymes01:27

Cofactors and Coenzymes

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Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions and coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both of these types of helper molecule can be tightly bound to the enzyme or bound only when the substrate binds.
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Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

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The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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ATP Yield01:31

ATP Yield

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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Assessment of Open Probability of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore in the Setting of Coenzyme Q Excess
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Engineering high coenzyme Q10 tomato.

Hang Fan1, Yan Liu2, Chen-Yi Li3

  • 1Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.

Metabolic Engineering
|September 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists bred tomatoes with significantly higher Coenzyme Q (CoQ) levels. These high CoQ10 tomatoes offer a potential dietary source to combat deficiencies and support energy metabolism.

Keywords:
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase4-Hydroxybenzoate polyprenyl transferaseChorismate pyruvate lyaseCoenzyme Q(10)Polyprenyl diphosphate synthaseTomato

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Plant Science
  • Nutritional Biochemistry

Background:

  • Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is essential for cellular energy metabolism.
  • Human CoQ10 deficiency leads to disease, necessitating dietary replenishment.
  • Plant-based food sources typically contain low levels of CoQ.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop high Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) tomato lines for dietary supplementation.
  • To investigate the metabolic pathways involved in CoQ10 biosynthesis in plants.
  • To assess the feasibility of using genetically modified crops as a source of CoQ10.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic engineering of tomatoes using a fruit-specific promoter to express four key enzymes.
  • Modification of chloroplast and mitochondrial pathways involved in CoQ10 synthesis.
  • Transcriptome and metabolic analyses to evaluate changes in terpenoid profiles.

Main Results:

  • Successfully bred tomato lines (HUCD) with a seven-fold increase in CoQ10 content (0.15 mg/g dry weight).
  • Identified head group prenylation as the critical step for enhancing CoQ10 yield.
  • Observed variable changes in carotenoid and α-tocopherol levels, indicating complex terpenoid pathway interactions.

Conclusions:

  • High CoQ10 tomato lines achieving a food-grade level have been developed.
  • Plant-based CoQ10 enrichment is achievable through targeted metabolic engineering.
  • Future research can focus on optimizing CoQ10 levels while maintaining other beneficial terpenoids for dietary supplements.