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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
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Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Establishment of a Segmental Femoral Critical-size Defect Model in Mice Stabilized by Plate Osteosynthesis
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In silico analysis of modular bone plates.

Omer Subasi1, Atacan Oral1, Sinan Noyan1

  • 1Manufacturing and Automation Research Center, Koc University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey.

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
|September 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Modular fracture plates offer a solution to inventory issues in orthopedic surgery. This study demonstrates their viability, showing they can match monolithic plate properties while potentially reducing stress shielding.

Keywords:
Bone plateFinite elementFractureModular

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic biomechanics
  • Biomaterials engineering
  • Finite element analysis

Background:

  • Traditional fracture plates require specific ordering for each surgery, causing inventory and availability challenges.
  • Standard monolithic plates lack flexibility in size and function, necessitating custom solutions.
  • Modularization of fracture plates is proposed as an innovative solution to these logistical and functional problems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of modular design parameters on fracture plate mechanical properties.
  • To evaluate the performance of a modular fracture plate under simulated fracture conditions.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of modular fracture plates as an alternative to monolithic designs.

Main Methods:

  • Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to assess plate bending stiffness and failure.
  • Four unit module design parameters were systematically varied: type, degree of modularization, connector screw diameter, and sandwich ratio.
  • A selected modular plate design underwent in silico testing for a tibial fracture under various physiological loads (compression, torsion, bending).

Main Results:

  • A modularization strategy was developed to closely replicate the bending properties of monolithic plates.
  • The optimal modular plate design exhibited a 42.3% reduction in stiffness and a 46.2% decrease in strength compared to monolithic equivalents.
  • The selected modular plate demonstrated adequate mechanical performance for successful osteosynthesis in simulated diaphyseal tibial fracture scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • Computational analysis validates modularization as a viable alternative to traditional monolithic fracture plates.
  • Modular fracture plates offer a potential solution for improved inventory management and immediate availability.
  • Reduced stiffness in modular plates may alleviate stress shielding, a common complication in bone fracture fixation.