Variables affecting measurements of vertical occlusal force.

Area of Science:

• Dentistry
• Biomechanics
• Human Physiology

Background:

• Occlusal force studies have yielded inconsistent findings.
• Understanding factors influencing occlusal forces is crucial for dental health and function.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the influence of vertical opening extent, contralateral occlusal support, and head posture on vertical occlusal forces.
• To analyze these effects during swallowing, simulated chewing, and maximum biting effort across different age groups.

Main Methods:

• Evaluated three age groups (children, adolescents, young adults) with normal vertical facial proportions.
• Assessed small vertical separations (2.5 vs. 6.0 mm) and large vertical openings (10-40 mm).
• Utilized non-parametric statistics for between-group comparisons.

Main Results:

• Increased vertical separation (6.0 mm vs. 2.5 mm) enhanced occlusal force in children during swallowing and chewing.
• Adults showed increased force during swallowing at 6.0 mm separation, but not during chewing or maximum biting.
• Maximum bite force increased with larger vertical openings, peaking around 20 mm, then decreasing and rising again near 40 mm in young adults.
• Contralateral support and head posture did not significantly affect vertical forces at small openings.

Conclusions:

• Vertical opening extent is a significant factor influencing occlusal forces, particularly during swallowing and chewing.
• The relationship between vertical opening and maximum bite force is complex and non-linear.
• Contralateral support and head posture appear to have minimal impact on vertical occlusal forces within the range studied.