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Related Concept Videos

Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders01:20

Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders

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Gastrointestinal or GI motility disorders are characterized by irregular gastrointestinal tract movements, disrupting food transit from the mouth to the anus. They are caused by damage or dysfunction in gut muscles or nerves. These disorders can cause symptoms such as severe constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and swallowing difficulties. Disorders can affect any segment of the GI tract and range widely in severity, from common conditions like GERD to life-threatening conditions like...
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Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:28

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

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Prokinetic agents are specialized medications that stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility, promoting food movement through the GI tract. Dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a significant role in this process, reducing GI motility and indirectly controlling the speed of digestion. Dopamine receptor antagonists, such as metoclopramide and domperidone, offer a unique advantage as prokinetic agents. By blocking the dopamine receptors, these drugs increase GI motility, improving food...
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Gastric Emptying01:16

Gastric Emptying

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Gastric emptying occurs when the stomach gradually releases chyme into the duodenum. When the stomach is distended, it triggers the release of gastrin, a hormone that promotes gastric acid secretion to aid in digestion. Additionally, stomach distension contributes to peristaltic waves that propel gastric contents toward the pyloric region. The gastroenteric reflex, on the other hand, primarily stimulates peristalsis in the intestines, facilitating the movement of contents further along the...
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Gastric Motility01:16

Gastric Motility

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Gastric motility is the coordinated contraction and relaxation of stomach muscles that convert ingested food into chyme, a semi-liquid substance ready for further digestion in the intestines. The process begins with the vagus nerve inducing the relaxation of the smooth muscles in the fundus and body of the stomach, allowing these regions to expand and accommodate up to approximately 1.5 liters of food and liquid.
Peristaltic Waves and Chyme Formation
Upon food entry, the stomach initiates...
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Enteral Nutrition II: Nasointestinal and Gastrostomy Feeding01:15

Enteral Nutrition II: Nasointestinal and Gastrostomy Feeding

347
Enteral nutrition encompasses various methods of delivering nutrition directly to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, bypassing traditional oral intake. It is particularly beneficial for patients who cannot eat by mouth but have a functioning digestive system. Key methods include nasointestinal feeding, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy, each suited to different clinical scenarios based on the patient's needs and condition.
Nasointestinal Feeding
Nasointestinal feeding involves placing a tube...
347
Imaging Studies III: Gastrointestinal Motility Studies and Virtual Colonoscopy01:26

Imaging Studies III: Gastrointestinal Motility Studies and Virtual Colonoscopy

185
This lesson explores three gastrointestinal imaging techniques: radionuclide testing, colonic transit studies, and virtual colonoscopy.
Radionuclide Testing
Radionuclide testing is a sophisticated medical technique for assessing gastrointestinal motility. It focuses on gastric emptying and colonic transit time. Radioactive markers track the movement of food through the digestive system, providing insights into gastrointestinal disorders.
In gastric emptying studies, a meal's liquid and...
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Gastroparesis.

David J Cangemi1, Brian E Lacy

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
|September 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores gastroparesis pathophysiology and treatment, noting altered brain activity and autonomic dysfunction. Novel therapies like 5-HT4 agonists and gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy (G-POEM) show promise for symptom improvement.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Gastroparesis is characterized by delayed gastric emptying, often accompanied by nausea and abdominal pain.
  • Pain severity in gastroparesis does not correlate with gastric emptying delay but may link to psychological factors like depression and anxiety.
  • Autonomic dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a significant factor in gastroparesis pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the pathophysiology of gastroparesis.
  • To highlight emerging and established treatment strategies for gastroparesis.
  • To discuss the evolving perspective of gastroparesis within the spectrum of gastric neuromuscular disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on gastroparesis pathophysiology and treatment.
  • Analysis of functional MRI findings in gastroparesis patients.
  • Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of various therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Functional MRI reveals altered brain activity in gastroparesis patients with nausea.
  • The risk of tardive dyskinesia associated with metoclopramide may be lower than previously thought.
  • New 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT4) agonists and gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy (G-POEM) show potential for symptom relief and durable improvement in refractory gastroparesis.

Conclusions:

  • Altered central processing and autonomic dysfunction are key contributors to gastroparesis pathogenesis.
  • Novel therapeutics, including 5-HT4 agonists and G-POEM, offer new hope for managing gastroparesis.
  • The historical concerns regarding metoclopramide's side effects may be overstated, warranting a re-evaluation of its risk-benefit profile.