Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

1.9K
Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
1.9K
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

1.3K
When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
1.3K
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

528
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
528
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

2.6K
Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
2.6K
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

411
CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
411
CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents01:22

CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents

297
Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelic drugs, are a class of substances known for their ability to alter perception, cognition, and emotions. Despite their profound effects on the mind, these drugs are non-addictive, setting them apart from many other abused substances. The mechanism of action of these drugs lies in their impact on the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. Upon activation, this receptor couples to Gq-type G proteins, triggering a cascade that releases intracellular calcium. This...
297

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The effects of microcystin-LR and its location within an environmental pool on rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) behavior and physiology.

The Science of the total environment·2026
Same author

Connectivity in ALS II (CoALS II): a study of structural and functional connectivity in ALS.

Frontiers in neurology·2026
Same author

Cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar atrophy and cognition deficits in Metropolitan Mexico City teens and young adults exposed to fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) - neurodegeneration is in progress.

Frontiers in neurology·2026
Same author

miRNA Biomarkers Diagnose Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Circulating Blood.

Molecular neurobiology·2025
Same author

Alzheimer's disease signatures in the brain transcriptome of Estuarine Dolphins.

Communications biology·2025
Same author

Human CAR Tregs Targeting SOD1 and Expressing BDNF Reduce Inflammation and Delay Disease in G93A hSOD1-NSG Mice.

Cells·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Early Detection of Cyanobacterial Blooms and Associated Cyanotoxins using Fast Detection Strategy
07:13

Early Detection of Cyanobacterial Blooms and Associated Cyanotoxins using Fast Detection Strategy

Published on: February 25, 2021

4.0K

Cyanotoxins and the Nervous System.

James S Metcalf1, Maeve Tischbein2, Paul Alan Cox1

  • 1Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA.

Toxins
|September 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cyanobacteria produce toxins that can harm the central nervous system (CNS). This review examines cyanobacterial neurotoxins, their entry into the CNS, and detection methods, highlighting inhalation exposure risks.

Keywords:
CNSacutechroniccyanobacterianeurodegenerationtoxin

More Related Videos

Functional Evaluation of Biological Neurotoxins in Networked Cultures of Stem Cell-derived Central Nervous System Neurons
15:05

Functional Evaluation of Biological Neurotoxins in Networked Cultures of Stem Cell-derived Central Nervous System Neurons

Published on: February 5, 2015

9.5K
Salinity-dependent Toxicity Assay of Silver Nanocolloids Using Medaka Eggs
06:29

Salinity-dependent Toxicity Assay of Silver Nanocolloids Using Medaka Eggs

Published on: March 18, 2016

8.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Early Detection of Cyanobacterial Blooms and Associated Cyanotoxins using Fast Detection Strategy
07:13

Early Detection of Cyanobacterial Blooms and Associated Cyanotoxins using Fast Detection Strategy

Published on: February 25, 2021

4.0K
Functional Evaluation of Biological Neurotoxins in Networked Cultures of Stem Cell-derived Central Nervous System Neurons
15:05

Functional Evaluation of Biological Neurotoxins in Networked Cultures of Stem Cell-derived Central Nervous System Neurons

Published on: February 5, 2015

9.5K
Salinity-dependent Toxicity Assay of Silver Nanocolloids Using Medaka Eggs
06:29

Salinity-dependent Toxicity Assay of Silver Nanocolloids Using Medaka Eggs

Published on: March 18, 2016

8.2K

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cyanobacteria produce diverse bioactive compounds, including toxins.
  • Cyanobacterial toxins pose various toxicological risks.
  • Central nervous system (CNS) effects are a significant concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cyanobacterial toxins with neurotoxicological properties.
  • To examine CNS entry, detection, and remediation of these toxins.
  • To highlight emerging exposure routes like inhalation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of toxicological and neurotoxicological studies.
  • Analysis of exposure pathways and media.
  • Examination of known and potentially novel neurotoxic compounds.

Main Results:

  • Cyanobacterial toxins can affect the CNS through acute or chronic exposure.
  • Inhalation is an increasingly significant exposure route requiring further study.
  • Some toxins, traditionally classified otherwise, exhibit neurotoxic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Cyanobacterial neurotoxins represent a growing public health concern.
  • Understanding CNS entry and detection is crucial for risk assessment.
  • Further research into inhalation exposure and novel toxins is warranted.