Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

104
Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
104
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

1.6K
The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
1.6K
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

81
Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
81
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

83
Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
83
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

2.0K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
2.0K
Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

4.2K
The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
4.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Preload, Afterload, E and e'.

Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)·2024
Same author

Importance of preload in understanding impaired longitudinal systolic-diastolic coupling in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.)·2024
Same author

Insights into the effects of Friedreich ataxia on the left ventricle using T1 mapping and late gadolinium enhancement.

PloS one·2024
Same author

The reduction of the left ventricular long-axis early diastolic peak velocity (e') evident by early-middle age occurs in the absence of aging-related slowing of active relaxation.

European journal of applied physiology·2023
Same author

Dobutamine effects on systolic and diastolic left ventricular long-axis excursion and timing - significance for the interpretation of s' and e'.

Scandinavian cardiovascular journal : SCJ·2023
Same author

Determinants of left ventricular structure, filling and long axis function in systemic sclerosis.

PloS one·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery
08:17

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

Published on: February 20, 2017

14.6K

Changes in left ventricular size, geometry, pump function and left heart pressures during healthy aging.

Roger E Peverill1

  • 1Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, MonashHeart and Department of Medicine (School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health), Monash University and Monash Health, Clayton, 3168 Victoria, Australia.

Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine
|September 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Aging adults show reduced left ventricular (LV) capacity and altered pump function, with decreased volumes and increased end-diastolic pressure. This impacts cardiac output despite a higher ejection fraction.

Keywords:
AgeAgingCardiac outputEjection fractionLeft atrial pressureLeft ventricleLeft ventricular end-diastolic pressureLeft ventricular massLeft ventricular volumeStroke volume

More Related Videos

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
09:20

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Published on: February 13, 2021

6.7K
Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Anatomy and Function in Adult Rats
08:09

Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Anatomy and Function in Adult Rats

Published on: December 13, 2019

21.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery
08:17

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

Published on: February 20, 2017

14.6K
Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
09:20

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Published on: February 13, 2021

6.7K
Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Anatomy and Function in Adult Rats
08:09

Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Anatomy and Function in Adult Rats

Published on: December 13, 2019

21.9K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Geriatric Cardiology
  • Cardiac Imaging

Background:

  • Age-related changes in cardiac structure and function are well-documented.
  • Existing studies link echocardiography and cardiac MRI findings to aging in healthy adults.
  • Invasive pressure measurements also show age-related associations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current understanding of age-related alterations in left ventricular (LV) structure and function.
  • To examine the relationship between aging and invasively measured left heart pressures.
  • To clarify the divergence between ejection fraction (LVEF) and overall LV pump function in older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional and longitudinal imaging studies (echocardiography, cardiac MRI).
  • Analysis of invasively measured left heart chamber pressures.
  • Comparison of cardiac parameters between younger and older adult subjects.

Main Results:

  • Older adults exhibit decreased LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), end-systolic volume (LVESV), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO).
  • Increased relative wall thickness (RWT) and LV mass/LVEDV ratio (LVMVR) are observed with aging.
  • LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) increases with age, while mean left atrial (LA) pressure remains unchanged.

Conclusions:

  • Aging leads to reduced LV capacity and impaired preload reserve, indicated by lower LVEDV and higher LVEDP.
  • An increasing divergence between LVEF and actual LV pump function occurs with age.
  • These findings highlight significant age-associated changes in cardiac hemodynamics and function.