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In gas chromatography, different detectors are employed to meet specific analytical needs. These detectors are often categorized based on their detection mechanisms and the types of compounds they are best suited to analyze. Thermal Conductivity Detectors (TCD), Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), and Electron Capture Detectors (ECD) represent common categories, each with unique operating principles and applications. However, beyond these, several other detectors are designed for more specialized...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which...
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A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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An Apparatus for Direct Fugacity Measurements on Mixtures Containing Hydrogen.

Thomas J Bruno1

  • 1National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO 80303.

Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards (1977)
|September 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new apparatus precisely measures hydrogen fugacities in gas mixtures using a semipermeable membrane. This enables accurate determination of hydrogen partial pressure in hydrogen/methane and hydrogen/propane systems.

Keywords:
fugacity coefficientsfugacity measurementsgas mixturesgas-chromatographhydrogen/methanehydrogen/propane

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Accurate measurement of fugacities in gaseous mixtures is crucial for chemical process design and thermodynamic modeling.
  • Existing methods for determining fugacities can be complex or limited in scope, particularly for hydrogen-containing systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and construct an apparatus for direct measurement of hydrogen fugacities in binary gaseous mixtures.
  • To validate the apparatus performance using hydrogen/methane and hydrogen/propane mixtures.
  • To determine fugacity coefficients using experimental data and the virial equation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel apparatus incorporating a semipermeable membrane for direct partial pressure measurement of hydrogen.
  • Conducted isothermal measurements on binary mixtures (hydrogen/methane, hydrogen/propane) across a range of concentrations.
  • Employed a custom-developed, gravimetrically calibrated gas chromatograph for mixture characterization.
  • Applied the virial equation of state to calculate fugacity coefficients from experimental pressure, partial pressure, and mole fraction data.

Main Results:

  • Successfully measured fugacities in hydrogen/methane and hydrogen/propane mixtures.
  • Demonstrated the apparatus's capability to operate at temperatures up to 250 °C and pressures up to 50 MPa.
  • Obtained experimental fugacity coefficient values for the studied binary systems.
  • Compared experimental data with existing literature values and analyzed general trends.

Conclusions:

  • The developed apparatus provides a reliable method for direct fugacity measurement of hydrogen in binary mixtures.
  • Experimental data contribute to a better understanding of thermodynamic properties of hydrogen-containing industrial gas streams.
  • The findings support the application of the virial equation for calculating fugacity coefficients in these systems.